Pulmonary System

Question 1

Surfactant is produced by:

Answer 1

Type II alveolar cells

Question 2

Function of surfactant

Answer 2

Reduces the surface tension of the alveoli and prevent collapse

Question 3

When does the production of surfactant begin in development?

Answer 3

Week 20

Question 4

Complete obstruction/blockage/abnormal closure or development of a passage. Due to failure of recanalization of the lumen or incomplete division of the foregut

Answer 4

Atresia

Question 5

Narrowing/partial closure of a passage. Mainly due to unequal partitioning of the foregut

Answer 5

Stenosis

Question 6

Abnormal communication/passage due to incomplete division of a tube

Answer 6

Fistula

Question 7

Germ layer that plays a major role in forming the skull and vertebrae

Answer 7

Paraxial mesoderm

Question 8

Germ layer that contributes to the urogenital system

Answer 8

Intermediate mesoderm

Question 9

Germ layer that is involved in forming the body cavity

Answer 9

Lateral plate mesoderm

Question 10

Type of hernia that is between the xiphoid process and costal margin on the right.

Answer 10

Morgagni’s hernia (retrosternal, parasternal)
-Caused by congenital defect in the fusion of septum transverses of the diaphragm and the costal margin

Question 11

Hernia due to defective formation or fusion of the pleuroperitoneal membrane

Answer 11

Bochdalek’s hernia (Posterolateral region)

Question 12

Hernia due to abnormally large esophageal hiatus that causes fundus of stomach to protrude into posterior mediastinum

Answer 12

Congenital hiatal hernia

Question 13

Eventration of Diaphragm

Answer 13

Half of the diaphragm has defective musculature, causing it to balloon into the thoracic cavity as a membranous sheet, forming a diaphragmatic pouch, and the abdominal viscera are displaced superiorly into the pocket-like outpouching of the diaphragm.

Question 14

The endoderm lining the respiratory diverticulum gives rise to:

Answer 14

The epithelium and glands of the trachea, bronchi, and alveoli

Question 15

Mesoderm surrounding the respiratory diverticulum gives rise to:

Answer 15

The connective tissue, cartilage, and smooth muscle of these structures

Question 16

The epithelial lining of the larynx develops from:

Answer 16

The endoderm of the cranial end of the laryngotracheal tube

Question 17

Laryngeal cartilages are derived from:

Answer 17

Migration of neural crest cells into the mesenchymal of 4th and 6th pairs of pharyngeal arches

Question 18

Laryngeal muscles develop from:

Answer 18

Mesenchymal myoblasts from the 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches

Question 19

The arytenoid swellings are produced from:

Answer 19

The mesenchyme at the cranial end of the laryngotracheal tube rapidly proliferating

Question 20

The laryngotracheal diverticulum is anterior to the foregut and caudal to which pharyngeal arch?

Answer 20

4th

Question 21

The ventral division of the tracheoesophageal septum

Answer 21

Laryngotracheal tube

Question 22

The dorsal division of the tracheoesophageal septum

Answer 22

Oropharynx and esophagus

Question 23

Week 5-17 lung histological stage

Answer 23

Pseudo-glandular

Question 24

Week 16-25 lung histological stage

Answer 24

Canalicular

Question 25

Week 24 to birth lung histological stage

Answer 25

Terminal saccular

Question 26

Week 32 to 8-10 years of age lung histological stage

Answer 26

Alveolar

Question 27

In which stage of development does the lung tissue become highly vascular?

Answer 27

Canalicular period

Question 28

In which stage of development does the lung tissue establish the blood-air barrier?

Answer 28

Terminal sac period

Question 29

Squamous epithelial cells of endodermal origin that allow gas exchange to occur.

Answer 29

Type 1 pneumocytes

Question 30

Intestinal content in the thoracic space is due to:

Answer 30

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Question 31

Pulmonary hypoplasia may be due to:

Answer 31

Oligohydramnios (insufficient amount of amniotic fluid)

Question 32

Coughing and choking during feeding, pneumonia, pneumonitis, polyhydramnios in fetal life is due to which congenital defect?

Answer 32

Tracheo-esophageal fistula (TEF)

Question 33

Projecting into pleuroperitoneal canal during lateral folding of the body wall

Answer 33

Pleuroperitoneal folds

Question 34

Forms the median structure where the other parts of the diaphragm will attach

Answer 34

Dorsal mesentery of esophagus

Question 35

Results in the final closure of the pleuroperitoneal canal

Answer 35

Migration of myoblasts from the lateral body wall.

Question 36

The 4 embryonic components of the Diaphragm

Answer 36

1. Septum transversum 2. Pleuroperitoneal membranes 3. Dorsal mesentery of esophagus 4. Muscular ingrowth from lateral body walls

Question 37

Which structure gives rise to the crura of the diaphragm?

Answer 37

The dorsal mesentery of esophagus

Question 38

Pleuroperitoneal membrane defect

Answer 38

Diaphragmatic hernia

Question 39

Site for needle decompression of a tension pneumothorax

Answer 39

2nd intercostal space in the midclavicular line in affected hemithorax

Question 40

Site for tube thoracostomy

Answer 40

4th or 5th intercostal space between anterior axillary and midaxillary lines

Question 41

Region where the mediastinal pleura meets the visceral pleura

Answer 41

The hilum

Question 42

Structure that attaches lung to structures in the mediastinum

Answer 42

Root of the lung

Question 43

Horizontal fissure boundary

Answer 43

Follows the 4th intercostal space laterally to meet the oblique fissure

Question 44

Oblique fissure boundary

Answer 44

Begin at the spinous process of the scapula (T4) and follows rib 6 anteriorly

Question 45

Where would an aspirated/inhaled foreign object be lodged?

Answer 45

The wider, shorter and more vertical right bronchus and eventually in the right lower lobe

Question 46

a complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the lung, and the collapse is distal to obstruction

Answer 46

Atelectasis

Question 47

Order for Lymphatic drainage in the lungs:

Answer 47

1) Intrapulmonary vessels and nodes 2) Bronchopulmonary (hilar) nodes 3) Tracheobronchial (carinal) nodes 4) Paratracheal nodes 5) Bronchomediastinal lymph trunk 6) Right thoracic trunk/thoracic duct 7) Systemic venous system

Question 48

Parasympathetic innervation of the lung:

Answer 48

Vagus nerve

Question 49

Sympathetic innervation of the lung:

Answer 49

Cardiopulmonary nerves (bronchodilation, beta receptors) and vasoconstriction

Question 50

Hypoventilation

Answer 50

Decreased alveolar ventilation with increased PaCO2

Question 51

Hyperventilation

Answer 51

Increased alveolar ventilation with decreased PaCO2

Question 52

Hypercapnia

Answer 52

Increased carbon dioxide in blood

Question 53

Hypopnea

Answer 53

Decreased ventilation in response to lowered metabolic CO2 production

Question 54

Hyperpnea

Answer 54

Increased ventilation in response to increased metabolic CO2 production (exercise), which should purge CO2 levels

Question 55

Eupnea

Answer 55

Normal breathing

Question 56

Tachypnea

Answer 56

Increased frequency of breathing

Question 57

Dyspnea

Answer 57

Shortness of breath/labored breathing

Question 58

Apnea

Answer 58

Temporary cessation of breathing