pulmonary ventilation

Question 1

define respiration

Answer 1

provide oxygen to tissues and removes co2 from tissues

Question 2

four functions of lung

Answer 2

pulmonary ventilation (air from atmosphere to alveoli), regulation of ventilation, diffusion of o2/co2, transport of o2/co2in blood to and from tissues

Question 3

upper respiratory system

Answer 3

esophagus, vocal cords, larynx pharynx tongue, nasal cavity

Question 4

lower resipratory system

Answer 4

trachea, bronchi, lungs

Question 5

normal respiration

Answer 5

diaphragm contracts (decreases pleural pressure) and relaxes (increases pleural pressure) allows elastic recoil of lungs chest all and abdominal structures to compress lungs

Question 6

heavy breathing

Answer 6

add contraction of abs because elastic forces dont expel air fast enough

Question 7

why does lung naturally collapse

Answer 7

lungs are very elastic and surface tension of water

Question 8

Explain why the normal pressure of the pleural cavity (pleural pressure) is negative.

Answer 8

The lymphatic system drainage as well as the surface tension of water creates suction

Question 9

Explain how a negative pleural pressure tends to expand the lungs.

Answer 9

Negative pressure holds visceral layer close to chest wall and allows for expansion of lungs

Question 10

pleural pressure start of inspiration, during inspiration during expiration

Answer 10

-5,-7.5,-5

Question 11

alveolar presssure start of inspiration, during inspiration during expiration

Answer 11

0,-1,+1

Question 12

transpulmonary pressure start of inspiration, during inspiration, during expiration

Answer 12

-5,-6.5,-5

Question 13

duration of inspiration normal breathing

Answer 13

2 sec

Question 14

duration of expiration

Answer 14

2-3 seconds

Question 15

define compliance

Answer 15

how much lungs will expand for each unit increase

Question 16

normal compliance

Answer 16

200 ml air/1cm h20

Question 17

what are elastic force of lung tissue

Answer 17

stretch of elastin and collagen fibers 1/3 of total elastic forces

Question 18

elastic forces caused by surface tension

Answer 18

2/3 of total elastic forces caused by air fluid interface

Question 19

transmembrane/transpulmonary pressure

Answer 19

recoil pressure that wants to collapse the lungs

Question 20

Normal dead space/anatomical

Answer 20

Part of respiratory system that does include alveoli 150 ml

Question 21

Normal breath per minute

Answer 21

12

Question 22

Max breath per minute

Answer 22

40-50

Question 23

Define alveolar ventilation

Answer 23

Total air that comes in contact with alveoli/blood each minute 500-150 x12=4200

Question 24

Two types of elastic forces

Answer 24

Surface tension 2/3 and elastic forces tissue 1/3

Question 25

Define air water interface

Answer 25

Water molecules at surface form very strong attraction and actually cause surface to want to contract

Question 26

What is surfactant and what does it do

Answer 26

Reduces surface tension of water by 8 -50% has several phospholipids

Question 27

Collapsing pressure equation

Answer 27

2x surface tension/ radius of alveolus

Question 28

Amount of collapsing pressure alveolus create

Answer 28

4 cm H2O

Question 29

Amount of collapsing pressure created by alveolus without surfactant .

Answer 29

18 cm h20

Question 30

Effect of halving alveolar radius on collapsing pressure

Answer 30

Double. Smaller radius equals higher tendency to collapse

Question 31

Source of surfactant

Answer 31

Type 2 alveolar epithelial cells 10% surface area

Question 32

Tendency of alveoli to collapse in a premature baby vs adult

Answer 32

6-8 times respiratory distress syndrome

Question 33

Why are premature babies at risk for respiratory distress syndrome

Answer 33

Surfactant is produced at 7 months of gestation. No surfactant coupled with a radius 1/4 the size of an adult equals bad news.

Question 34

Compliance of lungs vs lungs and thorax

Answer 34

110ml/cmh20 everything vs 200ml of air/1cmh20 just lungs

Question 35

Three things that effect energy required for breathing

Answer 35

1. Force required to overcome elastic work Compliance or elastic work(takes surface tension into account). 2. Force required to expand lungs against viscosity of tissue. ( tissue resistance work) 3. airway resistance work

Question 36

Percentage of total energy used for pulmonary ventilation. How much will it increase during heavy exercise?

Answer 36

3-5%, 50 times

Question 37

Vt

Answer 37

Tidal volume

Question 38

VC

Answer 38

= IRV+Vt+ERV or IC + ERV

Question 39

TLC

Answer 39

VC+RV or IC FRC

Question 40

FRC

Answer 40

= ERV + RV

Question 41

Vd Va

Answer 41

Vol of dead space gas | Vol. of alveolar gas

Question 42

. . . . . . . | Vi Ve Vs Va Vo2 Vco2 VCO

Answer 42

Inspired volume of ventilation per minute, expired volume of ventilation per minute, shunt flow alveolar ventilation per minute, o2 uptake per minute, co2 eliminated per minute, carbon monoxide uptake per minute.