ANS

Question 1

ANS CONTROL CENTERS

Answer 1

spinal cord brain stem hypothalamus (also operates via visceral reflexes)

Question 2

hypothalamus controls

Answer 2

water balance,feeding control, heat control

Question 3

brain stem controls

Answer 3

urinary bladder, pneumotaxic center, cardiac accleration and vasoconstriction, cardiac slowing, respiratory center

Question 4

sympathetic fibers vs parasympathetic fibers

Answer 4

sympathetic pre fibers are short post are long. opposite for parasympathetic

Question 5

sympathetic efferent fibers originate

Answer 5

in spinal cord T1 to L2

Question 6

preganglionic transmission options

Answer 6

1. )Synapse directly with postganglionic fibers
2. ) Follow preganglionic pathway to one of two peripheral ganglia where they synapse with postganglionic fibers
3. ) Pass through the sympathetic chains then through the splanchnic nerves to the two adrenal medullae

Question 7

Sympathetic fibers & the skeletal nerves

Answer 7

Some postganglionic fibers that originate in the sympathetic chains pass back into the spinal cord at all levels of the cord
 They then extend to all parts of the body via the skeletal nerves

Question 8

percentage of sympathetic fibers in skeletal nerves

Answer 8

8%. they control pili erector, sweat glands some blood vessels

Question 9

cranial nerve 3

Answer 9

ciliary ganglion and ciliary muscles of eye

Question 10

cranial nerve 7

Answer 10

pupillary sphincter, sphenopalatine ganglion, lacrimal glands, nasal glands

Question 11

cranial nerve 5

Answer 11

submandibular ganglion, submandibular gland

Question 12

cranial nerve 9

Answer 12

otic ganglion, parotid gland

Question 13

cranial nerve 10

Answer 13

heart, stomach, pylorus, colon, small intestine, ileocecal valve, anal sphincter, detrusor, trigone,

Question 14

sacral 1-4

Answer 14

only parasympathetic fibers from vertebrae. mostly come from 2 and 3

Question 15

celiac ganglion organs

Answer 15

pylorus, adrenal medulla, kidney, ureter, intestine ileocecal valve, anal sphincter

Question 16

hypogastric plexus

Answer 16

bladder, trigone, detrusor

Question 17

organs that have no peripheral ganglion

Answer 17

eye, heart, bronchi

Question 18

amount of molecules in transmitter vesicle

Answer 18

200-10000

Question 19

4 different actions of alpha component

Answer 19

1.)pen specific ion channel through post synaptic membrane (long lasting).
2.)Activation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)( Can activate a variety of metabolic activities)
3.) Activation of one or more intracellular enzymes
4.) Activation of gene transcription
(Create changes in metabolic machinery or cellular structure)

Question 20

all ANS preganglionic fibers release

Answer 20

ACH

Question 21

most post ganglionic fiber of parasympathetic fiber release

Answer 21

ACH

Question 22

most post ganglionic fiber of sympathetic fiber release

Answer 22

noreepinephrine (except sweat glands pili erector and some blood vessels which release ACH)

Question 23

ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE is made from

Answer 23

acetyl coa and choline and requires acetylycholinetranferase

Question 24

removal of ACH from synaptic cleft

Answer 24

ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE hydrolyses ACH into acetate ion and choline. choline is taken up by terminal nerve ending

Question 25

production of NORE

Answer 25

Starts in axoplasm of terminal nerve ending [Tyrosine> Dopa] via hydroxylation [Dopa>Dopamine] via decarboxylation opa transported into vesicles for final production step  [Dopamine> Norepinephrine] via hydroxylation

Question 26

In adrenal medulla ...of the norepinephrine is converted to epinephrine via methylation process

Answer 26

80%

Question 27

REMOVAL OF NORE

Answer 27

1.) 50% to 80% moved back into terminal nerve ending via active transport process 2.)Most of the rest diffuses away from the nerve endings into surrounding tissue 3.) Small amount destroyed by monoamine oxidase or catechol-O-methyl transferase ( Monoamine oxidase mainly in nerve endings Catechol-O-methyl transferase present in all tissues)

Question 28

Norepinephrine Active Time

Answer 28

 Normally remains active for several seconds  Norepinephrine and epinephrine released by adrenal medullae into blood remains active for 10 to 30 seconds  Level of activity takes 1 to 3 minutes to degenerate to nothing  Deactivated by the catechol-O-methyl transferase, mainly in the liver

Question 29

MUSCARINIC AND NICOTINIC RECEPTORS

Answer 29

Muscarinic Receptor on effector organs innervated by parasympathetic postganglionic fibers Nicotinic Receptor on postganglionic fibers of all autonomic fibers, Receptor on neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle both activated by ACH

Question 30

types of adrenergic receptors

Answer 30

Alpha (alpha1 and alpha2) Beta (beta1 (β1), beta2 (β2), and beta3 (β3) Both types of receptors can produce excitatory AND inhibitory responses – Response depends EFFECTOR ORGAN

Question 31

 Norepinephrine secreted by adrenal medullae

Answer 31

Main affect on alpha receptors  Much smaller effect on beta receptors

Question 32

Epinephrine secreted by adrenal medullae

Answer 32

excites both types of receptors equally

Question 33

alpha a1 receptors

Answer 33

vasoconstriction, iris dilation, intestinal relaxation, intestinal sphincter contraction, pilomotor contraction, bladder sphincter contraction

Question 34

a2 receptor

Answer 34

inhibits neurotransmitter release

Question 35

beta 1 receptor

Answer 35

cardio acceleration, increased myocardial strength, lipolysis

Question 36

beta 2 receptors

Answer 36

vasodilation, intestinal relaxation, uterus relaxation, bronchodilation, calorigenesis, glycogenolysis, bladder wall relaxation

Question 37

beta 3 receptors

Answer 37

thermogenesis

Question 38

impulses required for normal tone

Answer 38

1 impulse per second. max with 10-20 per second

Question 39

normal release of nore by medulla

Answer 39

0.05 μg/kg/minute

Question 40

normal release of epi by medulla

Answer 40

0.2 μg/kg/minute

Question 41

blood vessel sym/para

Answer 41

Most often constricted | Most often little or no effect

Question 42

heart muscle

Answer 42

Increased rate Increased force contraction | Slowed rate Decreased force contraction mainly in atria

Question 43

Heart coronaries

Answer 43

Dilated (β2); Constricted (α) | Dilated

Question 44

lungs bronchi

Answer 44

dilated constricted

Question 45

lungs blood vessels

Answer 45

Mild constriction | ? Dilated

Question 46

gut

Answer 46

decreased activity, increased activity

Question 47

kidney

Answer 47

Decreased urine output Increased renin secretion | None

Question 48

skeletal muscle

Answer 48

Increased glycogenolysis Increased strength | None

Question 49

Systemic arterioles abdominal viscera

Answer 49

Constricted | None

Question 50

Systemic arterioles muscle

Answer 50

Constricted (α) Dilated (β2) Dilated (cholinergic) | None

Question 51

skin

Answer 51

constricted, none

Question 52

blood coag

Answer 52

increased, none

Question 53

blood glucose

Answer 53

increased, none

Question 54

blood lipids

Answer 54

increased, none

Question 55

basal metabolism

Answer 55

increased up to 100%, none

Question 56

adrenal medullary secretion

Answer 56

increased, none

Question 57

mental activity

Answer 57

increased, none