Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Clinical Pediatrics > Pulmonology > Flashcards

Pulmonology Flashcards

(56 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are 10 functions of the respiratory system?

A

1) Gaseous exchange
2) pH regulation
3) Voice production
4) Olfaction
5) Defence (filtration and elimination of foreign particles)

Non-respiratory:
6) Blood reservoir
7) Filters thrombi and aggregates
8) Metabolic activity (AT1→2 activation, inactivation of NA, bradykinin, PGs)
9) IgA secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do you differentiate URTI and LRTI?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is croup?

A

Pharyngolaryngotracheitis

  • presents as barky or a seal-like cough, hoarse voice, and high pitched inspiratory stridor
  • usually preceded by 1-3 days of rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, and fever
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the narrowest part of the pediatric airway?

A

Subglottic region
- vs vocal cords in adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are 5 differences between the pediatric and adult airway?

A

1) Tongue
- pediatric > adult

2) Epiglottis shape
- ped: floppy, omega shaped
- adult: firm, flatter

3) Epiglottis level
- peds: C3-4
- adult: C5-6

4) Trachea
- peds: smaller and shorter

5) Larynx
- peds: funnel shaped
- adult: column

6) Larynx position
- peds: angles posteriorly in glottis
- adult: straight up and down

7) Narrowest point
- peds: sub-glottic region
- adult: vocal cords

8) Lung volume
- peds: 250ml at birth
- adults: 6L as adult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are 4 components in the physiological respiratory control?

A

1) Chemoreceptors of O2/CO2
2) Mechanoreceptors in lungs and joints
3) Control centers in brain (medulla and pons)
4) Respiratory muscles (controlled by brain centers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 3 phases of cough?

A

1) Inspiratory
2) Compressive
3) Expiratory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where are the cough receptors located?

A

1) Pharynx
2) Larynx
3) Trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are 5 stimulants of cough receptors?

A

1) Mechanical (secretions)
2) Chemical (irritants)
3) Thermal (cold air)
4) Inflammation (infection/allergies)
5) Local bronchoconstriction (asthma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the most common cause of acute cough?

A

Viral URTI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the most common cause of rhinorrhoea?

A

Acute viral infections, Allergic rhinitis
- rare: CSF: Rhinorrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When should a sinusitis be suspected?

A

1) Thick coloured drainage from nose
2) Persistent nasal symptoms
3) Post-nasal drip
4) Headaches ± fever
5) Facial pain/congestion/fullness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the most common cause of sore throat?

A

Pharyngitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the most feared complication in infectious mononucleosis in children?

A

Acute upper airway obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How are bacterial and viral pharyngitis differentiated?

A

Viral:
- red/swollen tonsils and throat

Bacterial:
- red/swollen tonsils and throat
- swollen uvula
- white spots
- gray, furry tongue
- looks like viral but (i) no improvement after 5 days (ii) <3y with fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which part of the respiratory system can refer pain to the intercostal areas/anterior chest?

A

Parietal pleura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which part of the respiratory system can refer pain to the C3-5 dermatomes (neck to shoulders)?

A

1) Mediastinal pleura
2) Central diaphragm domes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which part of the respiratory system can refer pain to the umbilical or abominal area?

A

Diaphragmatic periphery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The range for respiratory and heart rate is translated (up/down) relative to an adult.

A

Up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the important diagnoses to exclude in a child with wheezing?

A

1) Asthma
2) GERD
3) Post-nasal drip
4) Recurrent aspiration syndrome
5) Congenital malformation of airways
6) FBA
7) Primary immune deficiencies
8) Primary ciliary dyskinesia
9) Vocal cord dysfunction
10) Cystic fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the most common LRTI in infancy?

A

Bronchiolitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the most common RF for wheezing?

A

Atopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a wheeze?

Study These Flashcards
A

Continuous, whistling sounds caused by partial obstruction of the airway
- can be expiratory or biphasic
- diffuse or localised
- monophonic or polyphonic

24
Q

What is indicated in an acute tension pneumothorax?

Study These Flashcards
A

Needle decompression or thoracotomy tube

25
What is a clinical mimic of tension pneumothorax?
Cardiac tamponade
26
How does the most common causes of wheeze vary with age?
<2: transient early wheeze 2-4: persistent/recurrent viral wheeze 2 onwards: asthma/persitent atopic asthma
27
How does tension pneumothorax present?
1) Respiratory distress 2) Tracheal deviation 3) Distended neck veins 4) Hypotension 5) Decreased lung sounds on auscultation
28
What is pulsus paradoxus?
Exaggeration of normal fall in stroke volume and systolic pressure (>10mmHg) during inspiration - paradoxical because you can auscultate heart beats but not palpate peripheral pulse
29
What is the pathophysiology of pulsus paradoxus?
Parallel biventricular interdependence - marked dilation in inspiration → leftward shift of interventricular septum → ↓LV filling and stroke volume
30
What is snoring?
Sound produced by vibration of upper airway structures due to partial obstruction
31
What are 4 causes of snoring?
1) Pharyngeal weakness 2) Malpositioned jaw 3) Fat around throat 4) Obstruction in nasal passageway
32
What the RFs for OSA in children?
1) Adenotonsillar hypertrophy 2) Micro/retrognathia 3) Macroglossia 5) Cranial dysmorphology 6) Tissue infiltration (eg. hypothyroid, obesity) 7) Brainstem/CN leasions 8) Neuromuscular diseases
33
How does childhood OSA differ from adult OSA?
1) Age - ped: peak in preschool - adult: ↑w age 2) Body weight - ped: any - adult: obese 3) RFs - peds: craniofacial abnormalities - adults: obesity 4) Behaviour - peds: no daytime hypersomnolence, hyperactivity, developmental delay - adult: daytime hypersomnolence, impaired vigilance and cognitive impairment 5) Obstruction - adenotonsillar hypertrophy, partial obstruction - rare adenotondillar hypertrophy, cyclical obstruction 6) Sleep distruption - peds: usually absent - adults: common inbetween apnoeic episodes - ↓SWS
34
What is the gold standard Ix for OSA?
Polysomnogram (sleep study)
35
What are the signs of pediatric respiratory distress?
1) Laboured breathing w inappropriate degree of effort to breathe (↓RR) 2) Nasal flaring 3) Retractions 4) Sweating 5) Grunting 6) Cyanosis
36
What are 5 differentials for acute SOB?
Respi 1) Airway (asthma, FB, anaphylaxis) 2) Parenchyma (pneumonia atelectasis) 3) Pleural (pneuomothorax, effusion) 4) Chest wall/muscles (paralysis, pain) Cardiac 5) Pulmonary edema (CHF) 6) PE 7) Arrthmias Others: 8) CNS irritation (meningoencephalitis) 9) Metabolic acidosis (DKA) 10) Hyperventilation 11) Shock 12) Psychological (anxiety)
37
What is stridor?
Harsh, musical sound produced by turbulent airflow through a partially obstructed airway - mainly inspiratory and extrathoracic (might be biphasic)
38
What are 5 differentials for stridor?
1) Viral croup 2) Epiglottitis 3) Foreign body aspiration 4) Angioneurotic edema 5) Tracheomalacia Nose and pharynx: - choanal stenosis - lingual thyroid - macroglossia - micrognathia - hypertrophic tonsil/adenoids - retropharyngeal/ peritonsillar abscess Larynx: - Laryngomalacia - Laryngeal web, cyst or laryngocele - Laryngotracheobronchitis (viral croup) - Acute spasmodic laryngitis (spasmodic croup) - Epiglottitis - Vocal cord paralysis - Laryngotracheal stenosis - Foreign body - Subglottic hemangioma - Laryngeal papilloma - Angioneurotic edema - Laryngospasm (hypocalcemic tetany) - Psychogenic stridor Trachea - Tracheomalacia - Bacterial tracheitis - External compression
39
What is the most common congenital abnormality of the larynx?
Laryngomalacia
40
How does laryngomalacia present?
Purely inspiratory stridor - worse on crying, feeding, supine - a/w FTT, poor deeding - presents at 6wks-4mths, resolve by 2 years
41
What are 4 conditions associated with tracheoesophageal fistula?
1) Skeletal abnormalities 2) GI malnormalities 3) CVS abnormalities 4) SGA
42
What are 3 chronic complications of tracheoesophageal fistulas?
1) Esophageal dysmotility 2) Tracheomalacia 3) COPD
43
What is the cut off for chronic cough?
8 weeks
44
What are 5 differentials for a chronic cough in an infant?
Aspiration: 1) Dysfunctional swallowing 2) GERD 3) TOF Congenital malformations 4) Tracheobronchomalacia 5) Vascular ring Infections 6) Pertussis 7) RSV Others: 8) Asthma 9) CF 10) Passive smoking 11) CHF ± large L→R shunt 12) recurrent/successive URTI 13) Childhood ILD
45
What are 5 differentials for a chronic cough in a young child?
1) FBA 2) Asthma Chronic ENT disorders: 3) Post-infectious 4) Immotile cilia 5) Immunodeficiency Others 6) Passive smoking 7) reccurent URTI 8) Childhood ILD
46
What are 5 differentials for chronic cough in an adolescent?
1) Asthma 2) Bronchiectasis (post-infectious, immotile cilia, immunodeficiency) 3) Infections 4) Sinusisits 5) Post-nasal drip 6) Psychogenic 7) Smoking 8) Mediastinal cysts, tumours 9) Cystic Fibrosis 10) childhood ILD
47
What are 5 differentials for a chronic dry cough?
1) Recurrent viral bronchitis 2) Post-infectious cough 3) Pertussis-like illness 4) Cough variant asthma 5) Tic cough Others 6) GERD 7) Wax in external ear canal 8) ACEi 9) Child ILD 10) Non-specific
48
What are 5 differentials for a wet cough?
1) Recurrent aspiration 2) Immune deficiencies 3) Retained foreign body 4) Primary ciliary dyskinesia 5) Persistent bacteria bronchitis 6) Airway abnormality 7) Cystic fibrosis
49
What is a habitual (tic) cough?
Harsh, dry, honking, repetitive cough
50
what is liwen's pet peeve?
when people who say things but don't do it
51
what is liwen's height?
168cm
52
how many moles are there on liwen?
she doesn't know
53
what is liwen's life philosophy?
To spread love and be grateful
54
is liwen friendly?
she hopes so
55
what is liwen concerned about?
its a secret
56
who does she love
you

Clinical Pediatrics (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions