PUPD Horse

Question 1

Horses have a passive overflow of excessive dietary ___________ into the urinary filtrate

Answer 1

Excessive dietary calcium. Horses eating alfalfa or on calcium supplements will have high levels of calcium (usually as calcium carbonate) in the urine causing a very cloudy appearance. Calcium oxalate crystals also common

Question 1

What is Urethral diverticular concretion ‘bean

Answer 1

Dried smegma

Question 2

Clinical signs of Urethral diverticular concretion ‘bean

Answer 2

Urine spraying in adult males
May be dysuria
Swelling of urethral opening

Question 3

How to treat Urethral diverticular concretion ‘bean

Answer 3

Manual removal
Sheath cleaning
Water based lube and lots of water

Question 4

Clinical signs of stranguria in horses

Answer 4

Scalding/urine staining of the dorsal hind legs in males
Perineal scalding in mares
Swelling of sheath/distal penis

Question 5

During a dipstick test for horses, should i distinguish blood vs myoglobin vs haemoglobin

Answer 5

Do NOT distinguish cytology required

Question 6

Crystalliuria is normal in horses (T/F)

Answer 6

True! Calcium carbonate, calcium oxalate, triple phosphate

Question 7

Clinical signs of nephroliths in horses

Answer 7

Colic
Hydronephrosis- Kidney swollen
Haematuria

Question 8

Clinical signs of Cystic and urethral Calculi in horses

Answer 8

Dysuria, stranguria
Haematuria after exercise
Frank blood at end of urination
Urine scalding
Similar signs to colic

Question 9

Diagnosis of urolithiasis in horses

Answer 9

Clinical signs
Rectal palpation
Catheterization
Urinalysis
Bacterial culture
Endoscopy
Ultrasound

Question 10

Treatment of urolithiasis in horses

Answer 10

Hydration status: maintain flow of urine
Irrigation of bladder
Antimicrobial therapy: renal excretion
Trimethoprim-sulphadiazine
Penicillins (gentamicin, cephalosporins, ampicillin)
May need >2-week duration based on culture cytology and culture
Surgical removal or direct removal via external urethral orifice in mares
Laparocystotomy still commonest technique in males

Question 11

Clinical signs of bladder rupture

Answer 11

Depression and inappetennce
Pass small volumes of urine
Pendulous abdomen may develop

Question 12

Why does bladder rupture happen in horses

Answer 12

Post-partum mares and foals (male foals)

Question 13

Treatment of bladder rupture

Answer 13

Small tears – heal by 2nd intention
Foals – surgery after correction of electrolyte imbalances (Fluid therapy)

Question 14

What are some congenital reasons for urinary incontinence

Answer 14

Ectopic ureters
Hydroureters

Question 15

What are some Neurological dysfunction for urinary incontinence

Answer 15

LMN damage may occur secondary to sabulous urolithiasis
Cauda Equina damage
Infectious causes of cauda equina neuritis
Traumatic injury to spinal cord or brain causing LMN or UMN damage

Question 16

Hydroureters

Answer 16

When the ureter gets bigger than normal due to a backup of urine

Question 17

What are some Anatomical defects for urinary incontinence

Answer 17

Mares may have pooling of urine in the reproductive tract
Accumulation of urine within the sheath in males if unable to exteriorize the penis

Question 18

Damage to what region causes Cauda Equina Syndrome

Answer 18

Sacrococcygeal nerve roots

Question 19

Causes of Cauda Equina Syndrome

Answer 19

Traumatic damage
Neuritis of the cauda equina (polyneuritis equi)
EHV-1 myeloencephalitis
Sorghum-Sudan grass toxicity
Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis
Sacrococcygeal vertebral osteomyelitis
Rabies
Neoplasia