Q1 The Protestant Reformation and Religious Warfare

Question 1

Witch trials

Answer 1

Took place in 1690’s, caused by religious disputes and paranoia from the Church who blamed old anti-social women for their problems. Witch trials ceased due to new ways of thinking involving reliance on science and logic

Question 2

How and when did the Thirty Years’ War start?

Answer 2

1618, HRE Emperor Ferdinand II attempted to impose Catholicism on his people, so Protestants rebelled

Question 3

Four stages of Thirty Years’ War

Answer 3

Bohemian, Danish, Swedish & Franco-Swedish

Question 4

1st Thirty Years’ War stage

Answer 4

Bohemian phase - purely religious wars in Bohemia

Question 5

2nd Thirty Years’ War stage

Answer 5

Danish king Christian IV enters the war, Ferdinand II used Wallenstein to command his army, he defeated Protestants

Question 6

3rd Thirty Years’ War stage

Answer 6

Gustavus Adolphus led Sweden into this war to aid Protestants

Question 7

4th Thirty Years’ War stage

Answer 7

France & Sweden switch roles, by far most destructive phase with famine, intense inflation and crippled trade

Question 8

Edict of Nantes

Answer 8

Decreed in 1598 by Henry IV, gave French Protestants, specifically Lutheranism followers, more rights despite the majority of French population being Catholic

Question 9

John Calvin

Answer 9

Founder of Calvinism, believed in predestination

Question 10

Martin Luther

Answer 10

German monk, Figurehead of Protestant Reformation, founder of Lutheranism, believed in justification of faith

Question 11

Peace of Augsburg

Answer 11

A treaty that brought the end to the religious warfare between German Catholics and Lutherans

Question 12

Outcomes and end of Thirty Years’ War

Answer 12

Peace of Westphalia ended Thirty Years’ War; independence given to HRE states, religion became a personal matter rather than political, sovereign states began to operate within a secular framework

Question 13

Queen Elizabeth I

Answer 13

A moderate towards different religions under her reign, last of Tudor Dynasty to rule England

Question 14

Imperial Diet of Worms

Answer 14

A meeting conjured by HRE emperor Charles V in which Martin Luther committed himself to the Protestant Reformation

Question 15

St. Bartholomew’s Day’s Massacre

Answer 15

A slaughtering of Lutherans by Catholics, ended when Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes

Question 16

Gustavus Adolphus

Answer 16

King of Sweden, strong military general in Thirty Years’ War

Question 17

Thomas More

Answer 17

Wrote The Praise of Folly, considered to be one of the most influential Christian humanists

Question 18

Christian Humanism

Answer 18

Aspects of humanism including Christian beliefs based on The Bible, specifically the New Testament

Question 19

Council of Trent (1545-1563)

Answer 19

Defended the Catholic doctrine, affirmed both faith and works were necessary for salvation, unified Catholic church and improved clergy

Question 20

Counter-Reformation (1540-1648)

Answer 20

Established as response to Protestantism, attempt to win dissident, believed if they couldn’t win, drive Protestants out with secular authorities