Q2 Obesity

Question 1

BMI to be obese

Answer 1

30kg/m2

Question 2

What is the main reason for obesity

Answer 2

Positive energy balance
When a person consumes more energy that they use

Question 3

Tackling obesity Future choices

Answer 3

Highlighted that it is more complex than just eating too much and summarised into 7 different areas

Question 4

Genetics and obesity

Answer 4

40% of obesity cases are hereditary when looking at twin studies
127 different gene loci may contribute to a person being obese
Each individual loci small impact work together

Question 5

FTO region

Answer 5

Have the high risk allele then on average 3kg heavier
Study only observational unable to determine mechanism
Hypothesised due to individual satiating effect after a meal

Question 6

Why not just 100% genetics

Answer 6

Last 20yrs our genetics as a society have not varied that much but still a great increase in obesity cases

Question 7

John Mathers

Answer 7

highlighted how a person genetic predisposed them to a risk acts like the anchor to a pendulum but the environment and individual choices determines if they will be obese or not

Question 8

Environment and society

Answer 8

Highlighted in the tackling obesity future choices report and the Dahlgren and Whitehead Rainbow Model.

Question 9

Bonham and Manash University

Answer 9

Highlighted how a person’s work environment may determine likelihood of obesity
Working shift patterns particularly night shifts cause an increase in weight gain
Went further than other studies such as Whitehall study as it looked at educated shift workers such as paramedics to try and combat possible socioeconomic differences

Question 10

Other factors that might cause obesity

Answer 10

Psychological and Covid-19

Question 11

Psychological

Answer 11

When a person is in a stressful situation can lead to over-eating
Todays stress different to what our evolved stress is and now it often results in being more sedentary such as tight work deadline leading to long work hours.
Not only are they eating more but also still

Question 12

Covid-19

Answer 12

Covid-19 highlighted the negative effect a sedentary lifestyle could have.
Increased number of obese individuals during the pandemic.

Question 13

National Health Survey

Answer 13

Reception and yr 6 children obese levels rose massively during the pandemic
Data collected differently as children not at school so unsure if this may be reason

Question 14

Health and wellbeing consequences intro

Answer 14

As we are seeing a rise in obesity across all areas of the life course it is important to understand the health and wellbeing consequences this has on individuals of all ages.

Question 15

Childhood and Parents

Answer 15

Caregivers to notice and understand the impact of a child being overweight
Many parents do not realise child overweight or even obese.
Those that are also highlight that they are not worried in childhood but if they were later in life
However, if child obese in childhood increased risk later in life

Question 16

Childhood obesity and mental wellbeing

Answer 16

Bullying or self esteem
As overweight and obesity becomes the normal this may have less of an impact

Question 17

Childhood obesity and puberty

Answer 17

Each decades girls breast development moves forward by 3 months due to increased amount of weight in children on average.
while only a short period of time early onset puberty can lead to many health concerns later in life

Question 18

Pseudo Tumours

Answer 18

Incredibly rare but 90% of all cases are in children with obesity
When child looses weight tumour shrinks
Mechanism not understood but clear relationship

Question 19

Obese risks in aduts

Answer 19

MASLD
Type 2
Cancers colon and breast

Question 20

Swedish Conscript study

Answer 20

If obese at 18 increased risk of colon cancer later in life
Longitudinal study so no causation but highlights risk of obesity

Question 21

NHANES

Answer 21

Largenumber of obese people have no other health conditions
Increases risk but does not guarantee same health outcomes.
Could be that observational fail to find the mechanism which may actually be due to increased intake of different foods such as SF and alcohol

Question 22

Obesity and childbearing

Answer 22

Obesity reduces FSH and progesterone resulting in a reduction in fertility
Further complications during pregnancy such as gestational diabetes and issues in birthig process

Question 23

Elderly adults and weight

Answer 23

Benefits to being overweight such as reduced hosptial stays, quicker recovery and less falls.
Don’t want to be obese though as has same health issues as adults