Q4 Cardiovascular disease Flashcards
(21 cards)
Cardiovascular disease definition
Umbrella term for diseased that involve the heart and vascular system
Examples of cardiovascular diseases
Stroke, heart disease, high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation and irregular heart rhythm
Range from sever consequences on health such as heart disease to moderate lifestyle changes such as high blood pressure
Risk factors
Many of the CVDs share similar risk factors such as
smoking
poor diet quality
low physical activity
Epidemiologists can use CVD to measure prevalence of unhealthy lifestyles
Biological markers of CVD
LDL-C concentration is commonly used in medical practice.
Marks amount of low density lipids in the blood
How else do CVDs interact
Having one CVD often is a risk factor for man others CVDs.
Having high blood pressure increases risk of coronary heart disease
One method to quantify CVD risk
In UK medicine it is important to understand the risk a patient has of serious CVD events such as heart attack or stroke.
Common practice to use an algorithm called QRISK to determine the percentage risk of an individual heaving a heart attack or stroke in the next 10yrs
QRISK
Considers individual
Age
Ethnicity
Gender
Medical History (Blood pressure and cholesterol levels)
Lifestyle factors such as smoking
Looks at postcode to understand socio-economic risk
Example of Seminal Studies on CVD
Oliver and Boyd 1953
Ancel Keys Seven Country Study
Oliver and Boyd 1953
Associate CVD to high cholesterol
Not understood as to how our diets cause an increase in cholesterol
Focused future research onto causes of high cholesterol
Ancel Keys Seven countries study
Associated SF with increased cholesterol
Increased nutritional understanding
Since been some rebuttal suggesting countries chosen were not representative of overall global population
Data manipulated to support Keys hypothesis
Seminal Studies overall
Important for basing future research on
Do not provide strongest argument compared to more recent studies
Skaef et al
Systematic review on how SF impact cholesterol.
No significant correlation was found
Found that variation in SF between individuals diet so large that from a public health perspective not a viable health message
Cochrane Review
Reducing SF intake can reduce risk of CVD by 21%
Meta-regression seen highlighting the overall relationship
Med diet and CVD
Med diet includes many ingredients and nutrient that may be beneficial for overall health including olive oil and red wine.
Olive oil and CVD
Improves overall lipid profile
Reduces oxidative stress
Reduce blood pressure
Olive oil and improved lipid profile
High in HDL and so increases concentration of HDL compared to other fat sources such as butter
High in polyphenols act as a cofactor for enzymes involved in making nitric oxide in the body
Nitric oxide role in the body is to help vascular system reducing LDL concentration
Olive oil and blood pressure
Nitric oxide also plays a role in vasodilation of blood vessels which reduces overall blood pressure
Concerns of olive oil
Play a role in maintaining CVD important to consider cost of olive oil
If a person consumes olive oil frequently probably have more income to spend on other healthy foods such as fruit and veg
Meta-analysis 2020 Olive oil
Highlighted health benefits of olive oil compared with other fats.
Veg oil appeared less healthy but extent of this and the range of variation was large.
Suggesting olive oil benefits may go beyond socio-economic but they have a part to play.
Red Wine
Alcohol usually discourage but red wine is part of med diet.
Believed it is due to flavonoids
Flavonoids play a role in reducing LDL concentration
Advantageous to advice someone to swap to red if already drink alcohol but not to advice if dont
Social aspect of red wine
During observational studies one element of red wine consumption that is often forgotten is the social aspect
Some scientists have suggested the reduced CVD impact may be due to the socialisation rather than red wine itself.
