(Q4) Diseases of the Urinary System (Ch.12)

Question 1

Function of the Urinary System

Answer 1

Removes waste products from the body

Question 2

Nephritis/Bright’s Disease

Answer 2

Inflammation of the kidney

Question 3

Glomerulonephritis

Answer 3

• Inflammation of the glomeruli
• Associated with strep. pyogenes infections

Question 4

Hematuria

Answer 4

Blood in the urine

Question 5

Albuminuria

Answer 5

Albumin in the urine
(Albumin: proteins of the liver that helps retain fluid)

Question 6

Nephrosclerosis

Answer 6

Arteries and arterioles of the kidney become hardened and sclerotic

Question 7

Pyelitis

Answer 7

Inflammation of the renal pelvis
(Renal Pelvis: expanded portion of the upper part of the ureter)

Question 8

Pyelonephritis

Answer 8

Inflammation of the renal pelvis and the kidney

Question 9

Uremia

Answer 9

• Build-up of potentially toxic waste products, such as urea and uric acid, in the bloodstream
• Can cause an odor and a yellow discoloration of the tissues

Question 10

Anuria

Answer 10

Complete suppression of urine output, indicating total kidney failure

Question 11

Oliguria

Answer 11

Less than normal amount of urine

Question 12

Polyuria

Answer 12

• Passage of excess quantities of urine
• Often accompanies diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus (sugar diabetes)

Question 13

Diabetes Insipidus

Answer 13

• A rare and treatable condition in which your body produces too much urine.
• Usually caused by an issue with how the body makes and uses antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or vasopressin).

Question 14

ADH/Vasopressin/Anti-diuretic Hormone

Answer 14

• Hormone that regulates urine output
• When not properly produced, excess urine is generated

Question 15

Glycosuria

Answer 15

• Excess sugar in the urine
• Often accompanies diabetes mellitus

Question 16

Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 16

• Conditions that result in too much sugar in the blood (high blood glucose).
• The pancreas does not produce insulin, which metabolizes carbohydrates and sugars
• Sugar build up in the bloodstream and spill over into the urinary system

Question 17

Hematuria

Answer 17

• Blood in the urine
• Often accompanies glomerulonephritis, kidney infections, tumors, and other urinary system diseases

Question 18

Hemoglobinuria

Answer 18

Only hemoglobin is present in the urine
- Often accompanies diseases of the blood (Ex. hemolytic anemias: red blood cells are being abnormally destroyed)

Question 19

Hypoplasia (of the Kidneys)

Answer 19

Underdevelopment of a body part

Question 20

Polycystic Kidney Disease

Answer 20

Kidneys develop many cysts

Question 21

Hydronephrosis

Answer 21

Build up of urine in the renal pelvis, generally due to a blockage downstream

Question 22

Nephrolithiasis

Answer 22

Formation of kidney stones

Question 23

Nephroliths

Answer 23

• Kidney stones
• Their formation is sometimes associated with kidney inflammation, dietary problems and hyperparathyroidism

Question 24

Ureteritis

Answer 24

Inflammation of the ureters

Question 25

Cystitis

Answer 25

Inflammation of the bladder

Question 26

Urethritis

Answer 26

Inflammation of the urethra

Question 27

Pyuria

Answer 27

Pus in the urine

Question 28

Urinary Tract Infection

Answer 28

Common infections that happen when bacteria, often from the skin or rectum, enter the urethra and infect the urinary tract.

Question 29

Common Bacterial Causes of Urinary Tract Infections

Answer 29

- Nesseria gonorrheae - Chlamydia trachomatis - Escherichia coli - Proteus - Pseudomonas - Treponema pallidum

Question 30

Carcinomas of the Urinary System

Answer 30

- Common malignant tumors that occur in the urinary system

Question 31

Bladder Cancer

Answer 31

Transitional cell carcinomas

Question 32

Kidney Cancers

Answer 32

- Renal cells carcinoma (usually in adults) - Wilms's Tumor: malignant rapid growing tumor usually in children)

Question 33

Agonal Agenesis

Answer 33

Born with only one kidney

Question 34

Renal Dysplasia

Answer 34

Abnormal tissue development occurs in the kidney during development

Question 35

Renal Failure

Answer 35

The loss of function of the kidneys - Two types: acute and chronic

Question 36

Acute Renal Failure

Answer 36

Renal failure that results from a sudden drop in blood pressure brought on by trauma, complications in surgery septic shock, hemorrhage etc

Question 37

Chronic Renal Failure

Answer 37

Renal failure that results from major diseases such as glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, kidney stones, and chronic infections

Question 38

Dialysis

Answer 38

The processes of diffusing blood across a semipermeable membrane to remove toxic materials and maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance in case of impaired kidney function or absence of the kidneys

Question 39

Fistula

Answer 39

- The surgical joining of an artery and vein - Doing this increases blood volume and stretches the vein to allow a larger volume of blood to flow - Used for dialysis patients

Question 40

Azotemia

Answer 40

- Elevation, or buildup of, nitrogenous products in the blood - blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and other secondary waste products within the body - Three types of azotemia: pre-renal, intra-renal, post renal (BSB-blood flow, structural damage, blockage)

Question 41

Pre-renal Azotemia

Answer 41

- Elevation of nitrogenous wastes in the blood because of decreased blood flow to the kidneys - most common form of azotemia - Causes: congestive heart failure, low blood pressure dehydration etc

Question 42

Intra-renal Azotemia

Answer 42

- Elevation of nitrogenous wastes in the blood because of damage to the structure of the kidneys - Causes: diabetes mellitus, pyelonephritis, use of prescription drugs

Question 43

Post-renal Azotemia

Answer 43

- Elevation of nitrogenous wastes in the blood because there is a blockage in the drainage tubes (ureters) that urine flows through - Causes: kidney stones, tumors, enlarged prostate (males)

Question 44

Embalming Considerations for Diseases of the Urinary System

Answer 44

- Uremia (resulting from kidney failure) -Edema - Strong odor (resulting from uremia)

Question 45

Why does uremia increase formaldehyde/preservative demand?

Answer 45

- Kidney failure causes a buildup of urea and other toxic waste products in the blood - Urea has the effect of altering tissue proteins so the ability of formaldehyde to coagulate the proteins is diminished