Q6 Nervous System

Question 1

outline the basic nervous system pathway

Answer 1

sensation in the environment -> sensory info in (afferent neuron) -> CNS processing -> motor information out (efferent neuron) -> response in gland, muscle or tissue

Question 2

CNS consists of

Answer 2

spinal cord and brain

Question 3

PNS consists of

Answer 3

everything else

Question 4

Afferent division consists of what types of receptors

Answer 4

Somatic Sensory (info about outside world/our position in it)
Visceral Sensory receptors (info about internal conditions and status of organ systems)
Special sensory receptors (special senses)

Question 5

Efferent division consists of

Answer 5

Somatic NS (somatic effectors)
Autonomic NS - (visceral effectors - smooth/cardiac muscle and glands)

Question 6

2 main nervous cell types and which is bigger

Answer 6

Nerve cells/neurons/nerve fibre (bigger)

Neuroglia/glia

Question 7

2 types of glia and their functions for CNS we need to know

Answer 7

Astrocytes 
Function: 
1. Maintain blood brain barrier
2. structural support
3. regulate nutrient/dissolved gas concentrations
4. absorb, recycle neurotransmitters
5. form scar tissue after injury

Oligodendrocytes
Function:
1. myelinated CNS axons
2. provide structural frame work

Question 8

2 types of glia we need to know in the PNS and their functions

Answer 8

Schwann Cells
Function:
1. surround all axons in PNS (myelination)
2. repair after injury
Satellite Cells
Function:
1. surround neuron body in ganglia, regulate O2, CO2, nutrient and neurotransmitters levels around ganglia.

Question 9

function of a neuron

Answer 9

transmit info in the form of electrical impulses from one part of the nervous system to another

Question 10

3 functional types of neurons

Answer 10

sensory, motor, interneurons

Question 11

four structural types of neurons and functional example of each

Answer 11

Anaxonic - special senses, only in CNS
Bipolar - special sensory, rare, sight, hearing, smell
Pseudo-unipolar - sensory neurons of PNS, aka “uni-polar”
Multi-Polar - most common type of neuron; all motor neurons

Question 12

in PNS, neuron cells bodies clustered together in masses are called

Answer 12

ganglia

Question 13

Neuron cellular structures, name all, make sure you can identify

Answer 13

Dendrites
cell body or soma
-nucleus 
Axon
-axon hillock
-myelin sheath
-neurilemma/neurolemma
-myelin sheath gaps (nodes of ranvier)
-synaptic (or axon) terminals

Question 14

Three types of receptors and what info they provide

Answer 14

• Interoreceptors (visceral) - digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, reproductive, deep pressure/pain and taste
• Proprioreceptors (position of skeletal muscles and joints) -Exterorecpetors (somatic) touch, temp, pressure, sight, smell, hearing

Question 15

muscles spindles are found where and monitor what

Answer 15

found in muscles and monitor length of skeletal muscles

Question 16

Golgi tendon bodies found where and monitor what

Answer 16

found at origins/insertions.into tendons and monitor tension in muscles during contraction.

Question 17

4 different sensory receptors and the type of stimuli they detect

Answer 17

Nociceptor (pain)
Thermoreceptor (temperature)
Chemoreceptor (chemical composition)
Mechanoreceptors (7 types)
-Fine touch
-Light touch, movement, and vibration
-Deep pressure and distortion
-pressure and vibration
-pressure
-muscle length
-tension

Question 18

specific receptor name for/found where: nociceptors

Answer 18

free nerve ending for pain

skin, joint capsule, periosteum, blood vessel walls

Question 19

specific receptor name for/found where:

thermorecepetor

Answer 19

free nerve ending for temperature

skeletal muscle, liver, skin, hypothalamus

Question 20

specific receptor name for/found where: chemoreceptor

Answer 20

free nerve ending for chemical composition

Brain, carotid bodies, aortic bodies, skin

Question 21

specific receptor name for/found where: mechanoreceptor - fine touch

Answer 21

exteroceptors

papillary layer of dermis, epidermis, hair follicles

Question 22

specific receptor name for/found where: mechanoreceptor - light touch, movement and vibration

Answer 22

exteroceptors

eyelids, lips, skin, fingertips, nipples, external genitalia

Question 23

specific receptor name for/found where: mechanoreceptor - deep pressure/and distortion

Answer 23

exteroceptors

capsule of collagen fibres of dermis

Question 24

specific receptor name for/found where: mechanoreceptor - pressure and vibration

Answer 24

interceptor and exteroceptor

skin (fingers, treats, genitals), fascia, periosteum, urethra, urinary bladder, pancreas

Question 25

specific receptor name for/found where: mechanoreceptor - pressure

Answer 25

interoceptors | blood vessels, lungs, urinary and digestive tracts

Question 26

specific receptor name for/found where: mechanoreceptor - muscle length

Answer 26

proprioceptor | skeletal muscle

Question 27

specific receptor name for/found where: mechanoreceptor - tension

Answer 27

proprioceptor | tendons of skeletal muscle

Question 28

three functions of spinal meninges

Answer 28

protection, shock absorption, physical stability

Question 29

3 meningeal layers

Answer 29

dura mater, arachoid mater, pia mater

Question 30

type of tissue spinal dura mater is made up of and what surrounds inner and outer surfaces

Answer 30

dense irregular connective tissue - simple squamous epithelium

Question 31

epidural space - what is in there?

Answer 31

areolar tissue, blood vessels, adipose tissue

Question 32

at what vertebrae does the spinal cord end?

Answer 32

L1 or L2

Question 33

what is the cauda equina and where is it found?

Answer 33

the filum terminal and the long ventral and dorsal roots together make it up. found from L1 to the dorsum of the coccyx where it connects the spinal cord to the coccygeal vertebrae.

Question 34

white matter in spinal cord does what and organized how?

Answer 34

organized into columns or "funiculi" and transmit both sensory and motor information to and from the brain

Question 35

central canal of spinal cord has what flowing through?

Answer 35

cerebrospinal fluid

Question 36

three horns present in gray matter of spinal cord

Answer 36

posterior, anterior, lateral (only in thoracic and superior lumbar segments)

Question 37

define nerve

Answer 37

a bundle of axons in the PNS

Question 38

how are spinal nerves named?

Answer 38

take name of thoracic vertebrae immediately inferior to them

Question 39

how are thoracic and lumber nerves named?

Answer 39

nerves caudal to the first thoracic vertebrae take names from vertebrae immediately superior to them

Question 40

Dorsal roots of the spinal nerve carry what

Answer 40

sensory/afferent input

Question 41

ventral roots of the spinal nerve carry what

Answer 41

motor/efferent out put

Question 42

what type of neurons cell bodies occupy this the Doral root ganglion?

Answer 42

sensory neurons

Question 43

what do we need to able be able to identify on the spinal cord model

Answer 43

dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal nerve, dorsal root ganglion, spinal nerve, dorsal and ventral ramus of the spinal nerve, white and gray rami communicantes and sympathetic ganglia

Question 44

Dorsal rami carry what?

Answer 44

nerves serving posterior trunk

Question 45

ventral rami carry what?

Answer 45

nerves serving lateral and anterior areas of the trunk and entire limbs.

Question 46

4 major nerve plexuses

Answer 46

cervical plexus brachial plexus lumbar plexus sacral plexus

Question 47

what does the phrenic nerve innervate?

Answer 47

the diaphragm, rhomboid major and minor, serrates anterior

Question 48

what do nerves of the brachial plexus carry?

Answer 48

nerve fibers for muscles, blood vessels, sensory receptors, sweat glands and arrestor pili muscles of the upper limb.

Question 49

lateral cord sends a nerve where and branch to what nerves?

Answer 49

nerve to pectorals major m. and a branch to the median nerve and musculocutaneous nerve

Question 50

musculocutaneous nerve : muscular branch innervates? cutaneous branch innervates?

Answer 50

muscular: biceps brachial, brachialis, coracobrachialis cutaneous: lateral surface of forearm

Question 51

medial cord - sends a branch to what 2 nerves and what muscle?

Answer 51

median, ulnar, and pectorals major

Question 52

ulnar nerve innervates?

Answer 52

adductor pollicus, small digital muscle, flexor carpi ulnaris, medial surface of hand.

Question 53

median nerve innervates?

Answer 53

pronator quadrates/teres, distal flexors, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, anterior/later surface of hand

Question 54

posterior cord gives rise to, which then innervates

Answer 54

axillary nerve: deltoid, teres minor, shoulder skin radial nerve: triceps brachial, ancones, extensor carpi radialis longus, brachioradialis, supinator, extensor digitorum, abductor pollicus, posterior/lateral arm skin, radial side of hand skin

Question 55

Lumbar Plexus has what two nerves, and what trunk, which innervate what muscles,

Answer 55

femoral nerve: quadriceps memories, sartorial, pectinous, iliopsoas obturator nerve: gracilis, obturator externes, adductor Magnus/bravis/longus lumbosacral trunk: care axons from lumbar plexus to sacral plexus

Question 56

Sacral Plexus goes into what nerves

Answer 56

superior gluteal, inferior gluteal, sciatic, tibial, common fibular

Question 57

superior gluteal nerves innervates

Answer 57

gluteus minimus, gluteus medius, tensor fasciae latae

Question 58

inferior gluteal nerve innervates

Answer 58

gluteus maximus

Question 59

sciatic nerve innervates

Answer 59

semimembranous, semitendinous, adductor Magnus

Question 60

tibial nerve innervates

Answer 60

flexion of knee, plantar flexors, flexors of toes, fibulas longs

Question 61

common fibular nerve innervates and dived into what

Answer 61

short head of biceps femurs, fibulas longus divides into superficial deep and deep fibular nerves which innervate fibularis braves, tibias anterior and toe extensors.