Q8 quiz

Question 1

respiratory epithelium is? what kind of cells are embedded in it?

Answer 1

pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelia

mucous cells embedded

Question 2

olfactory epithelium is?

Answer 2

specialized neuroepithelium that allows us to sense smells through olfactory receptors

Question 3

what are nasal conchae?

Answer 3

mucosa covered scroll like any shelves projecting towards the nasal septum on either side of the nasal cavity

Question 4

what are nasal meatus

Answer 4

a narrow groove that allows the incoming air to bounce off conchal surfaces

Question 5

4 function of paranasal sinuses

Answer 5

lighten skull, produce mucous, resonate when a person produces sound, warm/filter/humdifiy air to protect alveoli

Question 6

what are the structures you “clear” when you pop your ears

Answer 6

the pharyngotympanic or auditory tubes connect the space that is deep to the pharynx - the tube is what you clear.

Question 7

what Is the larynx

Answer 7

receives air from laryngopharynx
cylinder shaped containing hyaline and elastin cartilage
attached to hyoid bone and stabilized by ligaments and skeletal muscles

Question 8

3 functions of larynx

Answer 8

open passage for air
prevent entry of liquid or food into respiratory tracts by the epiglottis
sounds production

Question 9

function: moisten air entering lungs 
what structure (s)?

Answer 9

conchae, meatus, respiratory muscosa

Question 10

function: warms air entering lungs 
what structure (s)?

Answer 10

conchae, meatus, respiratory mucosa

Question 11

function: filters air entering lungs 
what structure (s)?

Answer 11

nasal hairs, mucus, cilia, respiratory epithelium

Question 12

function: forms air passageway
what structure (s)?

Answer 12

external nares, nasal septum, conchae, meatus, hard palate, internal nares, soft palate, naso/oro/laryngo-pharynx, trachea

Question 13

function: prevents food from entering nasal cavity
what structure (s)?

Answer 13

soft palate, uvula

Question 14

function: forms passageway for food between mouth and esophagus
what structure (s)?

Answer 14

oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Question 15

function: part of the lymphatic system, "guards" lung entry
what structure (s)?

Answer 15

tonsils: pharyngeal, palatine, and lingual

Question 16

responsible for speech

Answer 16

vocal folds (cords) in the larynx

Question 17

trachea’s mucous membrane composed of what two layer

Answer 17

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

loose connective tissue - lamina propria

Question 18

trachea- is each cartilage a solid ring and why

Answer 18

no - allows change of shape when food passes through esophagus

Question 19

how many secondary bronchus? tertiary?

Answer 19

secondary: 5 in total: 3 in right lung, 2 in left
tertiary: 18 or 19

Question 20

how many alveoli per lung

Answer 20

150 million

Question 21

external vs internal respiration?

Answer 21

external: gas exchange with alveoli and outside air
internal: gas exchange at the cellular level in the body

Question 22

each lobe of the lung can be divided into smaller units called? (where a single treaty bronchus transports air)

Answer 22

bronchopulmonary segments

Question 23

what body cavity separates the 2 pleural cavities within the thoracic cavity?

Answer 23

the mediastinum

Question 24

what four major structures lie within the mediastinum

Answer 24

thymus gland, esophagus, trachea, heart

Question 25

name for serous membranes in the thoracic cavity

Answer 25

pleura

Question 26

pleural membrane covering lungs is called

Answer 26

visceral pleura

Question 27

function of pleura?

Answer 27

optimal lungs function: pleural fluid acts as lubricant between membranes, lungs, rib cage and chest cavity

Question 28

costal parietal pleura is found where?

Answer 28

sorts membrane covering inter wall, deep to the ribs

Question 29

diaphragmatic parietal pleura

Answer 29

serous membrane covering the superior surface of the diaphragm.

Question 30

5 functions of blood

Answer 30

transport dissolved gases - o2, in co2 out transport nutrients from digestive tract/adipose tissue transport waste to excretion sites deliver enzymes/hormones defence from pathogens (WBC)

Question 31

two components of blood

Answer 31

plasma, formed elements (RBC, WBC, platelets)

Question 32

what do RBC's lack?

Answer 32

nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes

Question 33

three layers of blood vessel and what tissue present in each

Answer 33

``` innermost = intima = endothelial lining + underlying elastic CT middle = media = concentric layers of smooth muscle outermost = adventitia = connective tissue sheath ```

Question 34

what are vaso vasorum

Answer 34

small arteries that supply the smooth muscles of large vessels with a blood supply

Question 35

how to extinguish and artery from a vein?

Answer 35

vessel walls - arteries are THICC valves - veins have arteries do not lining - artery lining cannot contract, so endothelium folds instead when not under pressure, doesn't happen this way in veins

Question 36

systemic circuit pathway

Answer 36

aortic valve -body capillary beds - right atrium

Question 37

pericardial sac is composed of

Answer 37

parietal pericardium and its outer ayer of dense irregular connective tissue (abundant with collagen fibres) called fibrous pericardium

Question 38

coronary sulcus is?

Answer 38

surface landmark showing the separation between the atria and ventricles

Question 39

coronary sinus is

Answer 39

enlarged vessel receiving de-oxygenated blood from heart muscle

Question 40

anterior interventricular sinus is

Answer 40

surface landmark showing the separation between right and left ventricles, arteries and veins lie in it

Question 41

left coronary artery does what

Answer 41

with the one on the right, arises from aorta and proved oxygenated blood to the heart muscle

Question 42

targets of endocrine system

Answer 42

all tissues

Question 43

onset/recovery ( how long)

Answer 43

gradual onset, slow recovery

Question 44

cell type of endocrine system release hormones where

Answer 44

endocrine cells that are glandular secretary cells release hormones into interstitial fluids

Question 45

what are hormones?

Answer 45

compound secreted by one cell that travels through the circulatory system to affect actives of cells in another part of the body.

Question 46

what part of the brain connects endocrine and nervous systems

Answer 46

hypothalamus

Question 47

what three mechanisms does the hypothalamus use to the regulate actives of the endocrine and part of the nervous system:

Answer 47

1. indirectly by secreting regularity hormones into the pituitary which in turn secretes hormones with control other endocrine organs (liver, thymus, reproductive systems, adrenal glands) 2. acts and as endocrine gland that directly releases two hormones : antidiuretic and oxytocin into circulation via the posterior pituitary gland. the pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus via the infundibular. 3. exerts direct neural control over endocrine cells in the adrenal medulla. when sympathetic nervous system is activated, Nor and Epi are released.

Question 48

thyroid gland secretes

Answer 48

thyroxine (T4)

Question 49

parathyroid glands secrete what which does what

Answer 49

parathyroid hormone which increases calcium content in the blood

Question 50

pineal gland produces what hormone

Answer 50

melatonin

Question 51

thymus secrets

Answer 51

thymosin

Question 52

Pancreas: | what cells produce insulin and what one produce glucagon

Answer 52

Pancreatic islets or islets of langerhans produce insulin in the beta cells and glucagon in the alpha cells

Question 53

gonads: testes and ovaries secrete what ?

Answer 53

testes: androgens and inhibits ovaries: estrogens, progesterones, and relaxins

Question 54

two regions of the adrenal medulla

Answer 54

medulla and cortex

Question 55

what does medulla secrete

Answer 55

NOR and EPI

Question 56

what does cortex secrete and what do they do

Answer 56

corticosteroid hormones which regulate metabolic operations speeding up rate of glucose synthesis and glycogen formation.

Question 57

what is a portal system

Answer 57

a system with two adjacent capillary beds connected by a portal vessels