Q7-Autonomic Nervous System

Question 1

general functions of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 1

regulate body temp, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, excretory and reproductive systems.

Question 2

how it is different from the somatic system?

Answer 2

somatic is for voluntary muscular movements, autonomic is for involuntary smooth muscle, glandular, visceral structures.

Question 3

two divisions of the autonomic system

Answer 3

sympathetic - fight or flight

parasympathetic - rest and digest

Question 4

two types neurons involved in efferent ANS route

Answer 4

pre and post ganglionic

Question 5

locations of PNS ganglia parasympathetic and sympathetic

Answer 5

Sym:
-either side of vertebral column (chain gang)
-collateral ganglia anterior to vertebral column in thoracic cavity
-adrenal medulla
Para:
-intramural ganglion (within tissue of target organ)
-terminal ganglion (near target organ)

Question 6

Pre-ganglionic fibres - length and myelination and NT

Answer 6

sym:
short, myelinated, ACH
para:
long, myelinated ACH

Question 7

post-ganglionic fibres - length and myelination and NT

Answer 7

sym: long, un-myelinated, NOR/EPI
para: short, un-myelinated, ACH

Question 8

what travel through white rami communicates

Answer 8

myelinated pre-ganglionic axons of pre-ganglionic fibres (of all ANS)

Question 9

where are sympathetic chain ganglia found

Answer 9

either side of vertebral column

Question 10

Sympathetic Innervation of general visceral effectors:

• pathway of these fibres through the ganglia
• what are the general skin effectors

Answer 10

(pre-ganglionic nerve) lateral horn - ventral root - spinal nerve - white rami - sympathetic chain ganglion (synapse with post-ganglionic nerve)- grey rami - spinal nerve - effectors

effectors: sweat glands, superficial blood vessels

Question 11

Sympathetic innervation of Thoracic Cavity Viscera

• pathway
• what are the effectors and the effects?

Answer 11

lateral horn - ventral root - spinal nerve - white rami - sympathetic chain ganglion - synapse with sympathetic nerve - effectors

effectors: heart and lungs, increase rates of both

Question 12

Sympathetic innervation of Abdomino-pelvic Cavity Viscera

• pathway
• what are the effectors and the effects?

Answer 12

lateral horn - ventral root - spinal nerve - white rami - sympathetic chain ganglion - fibres join to form splanchnic nerve - collateral ganglion - synapse with post-ganglionic nerve - effectors

effectors: liver, gallbladder, small/large intestine, kidney, adrenal medulla, uterus, ovary, penis, scrotum, bladder

Question 13

General sympathetic effect on abdominopelvic organs

Answer 13

decrease function, mobilize energy stores from adipose tissue and liver and muscle into blood stream.

Question 14

adrenal medulla - where and what do they secrete

Answer 14

on top of kidneys, secrete NOR and EPI

Question 15

difference between effect of chemical messengers from suprarenal medullae compared to those released by post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons (2 differences)

Answer 15

1. cells not enervated by post-ganglionic fibres are only affected if they have receptors for NOR/EPI
2. effects last much longer due to bloodstream circulation rather than innervation

Question 16

pathway for sympathetic fibres to suprarenal medullae vs sympathetic fibres to abdomino pelvic effectors

Answer 16

lateral horn - ventral root - spinal nerve - white rami - sympathetic chain ganglion - fibres join to form splanchnic nerve - collateral ganglion - pass through with NO SYNAPSE - go to suprarenal medullae

lateral horn - ventral root - spinal nerve - white rami - sympathetic chain ganglion - fibres join to form splanchnic nerve - collateral ganglion - SYNAPSE with post-ganglionic neutron - effectors

Question 17

what spinal nerves are the part of the efferent parasympathetic system and what structures do they innervate?

Answer 17

III - eye
VII - salivary glands
IX - salivary glands
X - visceral organs in abdominopelvic cavity (75% of parasympathetic innervation from this nerve)

Question 18

what ganglia do parasympathetic nerves synapse at?

Answer 18

intramural - inside walls of viscera

terminal - located near target organs

Question 19

what level does the sacral section of the parasympathetic exit the spinal cord from?

Answer 19

S2-S4

Question 20

what is different about sacral parasympathetic fibers when exiting the spinal cord?

Answer 20

do not join spinal nerves, but form their own pelvic nerves that synapse with short post-ganglionic neurons in the terminal ganglia or intramural ganglia in the lower abdomino pelvic cavity organs.

Question 21

four organs innervated by the sacral parasympathetic neurons

Answer 21

kidney, bladder, large intestine, sex organs.

Question 22

know both the parasympathetic pathways form the CNS (medulla oblongata and sacral sections) to the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity effectors)

Answer 22

see textbook

Question 23

what are ventricles of the brain and their functions

Answer 23

cerebrospinal fluid filled cavities

1. prevent neural contact with bone
2. support brain through fluid suspension
3. transport nutrients, waste, chemicals

Question 24

3 meninges

Answer 24

dura mater, arachnid mater, pia mater

Question 25

dura mater has what two layers and what sinus filled with what

Answer 25

``` endosteal layer (outer) meningeal layer (inner) ``` dural sinuses (2) - between the two layers of dura containing interstitial fluid, blood vessels

Question 26

what is subarachnoid space and what does it contain

Answer 26

space below arachnoid mater containing cerebrospinal fluid

Question 27

what is the Pia mater?

Answer 27

highly vascularized membrane anchored to surface of brain by astrocyte projections

Question 28

what are gyri

Answer 28

elevated ridges of the brain separated by sulci

Question 29

what are sulci

Answer 29

shallow depression of the brain separated by gyri

Question 30

what are fissures

Answer 30

deeper grooves of the brain

Question 31

four lobes of brain and functions

Answer 31

Frontal: conscious skeletal muscle control Temporal: conscious perception of auditory and olfactory stimuli Parietal: conscious perception of touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temp, and taste Occipital: conscious perception of visual stimuli

Question 32

prefrontal cortex functions

Answer 32

coordinate info relayed from all cortical association areas. predicting consequences of events/actions.

Question 33

insula lobe functions

Answer 33

language and balance visceral functions some aspects of smell

Question 34

precentral gyrus

Answer 34

primary motor cortex: voluntary movement control

Question 35

post central gyrus

Answer 35

primary sensory cortex - somatic only - touch, pressure, pain, taste, temp - sent here so we are consciously aware of it

Question 36

be able to identify: longitudinal tissue, lateral sulcus, central sulcus, cingulate gyrus, precentral gyrus, post central gyrus.

Answer 36

N/A

Question 37

be able to identify: corpus callosum, thalamus and hypothalamus, midbrain, pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata

Answer 37

N/A

Question 38

function of corpus callosum

Answer 38

central white matter linking right and left hemispheres

Question 39

cranial nerves, area they impulse, primary function

Answer 39

I - olfactory, special sense, smell II - optic, special sense, vision III - oculomotor, motor, eye movements VI - trochlear, motor, eye movements V - trigeminal - sense and motor, major sensory nerve of the face VI - abducens - motor, eye movements VII - facial - sensory and motor, major motor nerve of facial expression VIII - vestibulocochlear - special sense, equilibrium and hearing IX - glossopharyngeal - sensory and motor X - Vagus - sensory and motor XI - accessory - motor, muscles of the head and neck XII - motor, tongue muscles

Question 40

Mnemonic for remembering sensory/motor/both

Answer 40

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Question 41

cranial nerves, area they impulse, primary function

Answer 41

I - olfactory, special sense, smell II - optic, special sense, vision III - oculomotor, motor, eye movements VI - trochlear, motor, eye movements V - trigeminal - sense and motor, major sensory nerve of the face VI - abducens - motor, eye movements VII - facial - sensory and motor, major motor nerve of facial expression VIII - vestibulocochlear - special sense, equilibrium and hearing IX - glossopharyngeal - sensory and motor X - Vagus - sensory and motor XI - accessory - motor, muscles of the head and neck XII -hypoglossal - motor, tongue muscles

Question 42

Mnemonic for remembering cranial nerves

Answer 42

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