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research methods and data analysis > qualitative research design and data collection > Flashcards

qualitative research design and data collection Flashcards

1
Q

what should be asked about the approach?

A
  • is the approach flexible
  • is it able to change
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2
Q

what should be done correctly by qualitative researchers?

A
  • coding
  • have I coded my data correctly?
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3
Q

what question matters to a qualitative researcher regarding the situation?

A
  • have i managed to capture the situation in a realistic manner?
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4
Q

what is described by qualitative researchers?

A
  • context
  • have I described the context in sufficient detail?
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5
Q

what question matters to a qualitative researcher regarding participants?

A
  • have i managed to see the world through the eyes of my participants
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6
Q

what reasoning does quantitative research involve?

A
  • deductive reasoning
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7
Q

what does quantitative research start with and what does it do?

A
  • starts with a theory
  • tests via specific examples to prove or disprove the theory
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8
Q

what type of reasoning does qualitative research use?

A
  • inductive reasoning
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9
Q

what does qualitative research start with? what does it form?

A
  • starts with specific examples
  • analyses to generate theory
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10
Q

how is quality in qualitative research determined?

A
  • validity
  • reliability
  • trustworthiness
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11
Q

what are the four dimensions of trustworthiness?

A
  • dependability
  • confirmability
  • credibility
  • transferability
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12
Q

what is dependability? what does it check for?

A
  • reliability
  • shows findings are consistent and could be repeated
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13
Q

what is an example of dependability?

A
  • triangulation of transcripts and themes
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14
Q

what is confirmability? what does it check for?

A
  • objectivity
  • degree of neutrality/ extent to which the findings of a study are shaped by the respondents and not researcher bias, motivation or interest
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15
Q

what is an example of confirmability?

A
  • link with raw data themes
  • list of emerged themes
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16
Q

what is credibility? what does it check for?

A
  • internal validity
  • confidence in the truth of findings
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17
Q

what are examples of credibility?

A
  • pilot study
  • member checking
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18
Q

what is transferability? what does it check for?

A
  • external validity
  • shows that the findings have applicability in other contexts
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19
Q

what are examples of transferability?

A
  • demographic characteristics
  • specific settings
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20
Q

what are some examples of methodology?

A
  • experimental research
  • survey research
  • ethnography
  • phenomenological research
  • grounded theory
  • heuristic inquiry
  • action research
  • discourse analysis
  • feminist standpoint research
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21
Q

what are some method examples?

A
  • questionnaire
  • observation
  • case study
  • visual ethnographic methods
  • data reduction
  • cognitive mapping
  • interpretative methods
  • content analysis
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22
Q

what are the three research designs?

A
  • phenomenology
  • grounded theory
  • ethnography
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23
Q

what is phenomenology?

A
  • describes one or more individuals’ experiences of a phenomenon
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24
Q

what is the disciplinary origin of phenomenology?

A
  • philosophy
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25
what is the primary data collection method of phenomenology?
- in- depth interviews
26
what is the data analysis of phenomenology?
- list significant statements - determine meaning of statements - identify essence of phenomenon
27
what does phenomenology report?
- rich description of the essential characteristics of experience
28
what is ethnography?
- describe cultural characteristics of a group of people
29
what is the disciplinary origin of ethnography?
- anthropology
30
what is the primary data collection method of ethnography?
- participant observation over an extended period of time - interview with informants
31
how do you analyse data in ethnography?
- holistic description and searches for cultural themes in data
32
what does ethnography report?
- rich description of context and cultural themes
33
what is grounded theory?
- inductively generate a grounded theory describing and explaining a phenomenon
34
what is the disciplinary origin of grounded theory?
- sociology
35
what is the primary data collection method in grounded theory?
- interview - observations frequently used
36
how do you analyse data in grounded theory?
- begin with open coding, then axial coding and end with selective coding
37
what do you report from grounded theory?
- description of topic and people studied - presentation of the theory
38
what is important to consider when choosing the right design? (4)
- research focus - what would you like to investigate - what research design will you follow and why - what research methods you would choose and why?
39
what would you ask when finding out what is being investigated?
- what is your research question - who is your target population?
40
what is an interview?
- two- person conversation initiated by the interviewer for the specific purpose of obtaining research- relevant information
41
what do interviews focus on?
- content specified by the research objectives of systematic description, prediction or explanation
42
what are the different types of interview? (5)
- individual- group - structured- semi- structured- unstructured - open questions- closed questions - styles- biographical, clinical, ethnographical - method- face- to -face, telephone, computer assisted
43
what are the strengths of an interview? (5)
+ extensive personalisation/ interaction + extensive opportunities to ask questions + possible to probe + good rate of return + flexible
44
what are the limitations of interviews? (5)
- labour intensive & costly - not extensive - subjectivities in interpretation and analysis - limited reliability - memory decay
45
what are the four important questions when designing an interview?
- why are you asking people questions? - why are you asking these people? - what do you want to ask? (identify key Qs) - how do you plan to ask them? (open, closed, scales)
46
what questions should you avoid in interviews?
- double questions - long complex questions - questions involving jargon/ technical terms - ambiguous questions
47
what specific questions would you not ask? give examples (2)
- leading/ biases questions e.g., don't you like tennis? - invasion of privacy e.g., how much do you earn?
48
what characteristics does a good interviewer have? (5)
- listening skills - put questions in a straightforward, clear and non- threatening way - be sensitive to non- verbal communication - eliminate cues which lead interviewees to respond in a particular way - enjoy it, don't look bored
49
what are the three main steps of qualitative data analysis?
- data reduction - data display - conclusion drawing/ verifications validity
50
what is data reduction?
- coding, discarding irrelevant data - on going process throughout the research
51
what is data display?
- draw conclusions from the mass of data
52
what is conclusion drawing/ verifications validity?
- examined through references to your existing field notes and critical discussion with tutors
53
what are the 7 qualitative data analysis methods?
- ethnographic analysis - structured analysis - content analysis - axial coding and constant comparison - inductive and deductive analytical procedures - post- structuralism approach - feminist approach
54
what is the qualitative data structure?
- words - phrases - paragraphs - connections - patterns - sequences
55
what is a key process in the data reduction stage?
- coding
56
what is coding?
- organisation of raw data in conceptual categories
57
what is a code?
- tags/ labels for assigning units of meaning to the descriptive information complied during a study
58
what is a code attached to?
- chunks of words/ phrases, sentences or whole paragraphs
59
what is each code effectively?
- effectively a category - first stage of providing some form of logical structure to the data
60
what do you do first in coding?
- data is carefully read - all statements relating to the research question are identified and assigned a code- category
61
what is the second step of coding?
- reread transcripts - search for statement that fits into categories
62
what coding does the third step involve?
- axial coding - further codes might be developed
63
what is the fourth step of coding?
- more analytical - look for patterns and explanations
64
what are 6 questions that need to be considered after coding?
- to what extent does my sample allow generalisation? - what did i do that produced these findings? - what was left out and why? - what/ who does not fit? - what is missing? - what is surprising?
65
what is lower order theme?
- consists of raw data themes
66
what is the combination of lower order themes?
- higher order themes
67
what is first in the hierarchy of themes?
- transcripts
68
what is second in the hierarchy of themes?
- raw data themes
69
what is third in the hierarchy of themes?
- lower order themes
70
what is fourth in the hierarchy of themes?
- main themes
71
what is last on the hierarchy of themes?
- dimensions

research methods and data analysis (12 decks)

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