Quanitative Methods and Sampling

Question 1

What is the purpose of surveys?

Answer 1

To describe, compare, or explain individuals’ or groups’ knowledge, attitudes, values, preferences, or behaviours.

Question 2

What are the 4 main types of survey questions?

Answer 2

Demographic, Knowledge, Attitudes, Behaviours.

Question 3

What is a cross-sectional survey design?

Answer 3

A snapshot of data at one point in time.

Question 4

What is a longitudinal survey design?

Answer 4

Collects data from the same subjects over time

Question 5

Name probability sampling types.

Answer 5

Random sampling, Stratified sampling, systematic sampling, cluster sampling.

Question 6

name non-probaility sampling

Answer 6

convience, snowball, purposive, quota, selecting

Question 7

What are common delivery modes for surveys?

Answer 7

Mail, face-to-face, telephone, online, mixed method.

Question 8

What is a good response rate in survey research?

Answer 8

50% = acceptable, 60% = good, 70%+ = very good.

Question 9

What are common survey errors?

Answer 9

Coverage error, sampling error, non-response error, measurement error.

Question 10

Name one “Do” for survey construction.

Answer 10

Use clear, short, and relevant questions.

Question 11

Name one “Don’t” for survey construction.

Answer 11

Avoid double-barrel, negative, or biased questions.

Question 12

What is a Likert scale?

Answer 12

A response format ranging from “Strongly Agree” to “Strongly Disagree.”

Question 13

What are matrix questions?

Answer 13

Multiple statements rated on the same scale—efficient but risk patterned responses.

Question 14

What are key ethical concerns in surveys?

Answer 14

Informed consent, confidentiality, and distress from sensitive topics.

Question 15

What is an experiment in research?

Answer 15

A method to study causal relationships by manipulating variables.

Question 16

What is the independent variable (IV)?

Answer 16

The cause or stimulus (e.g., sleep deprivation).

Question 17

What is the dependent variable (DV)?

Answer 17

The measured outcome (e.g., word recall test score).

Question 18

What are the three criteria for causality?

Answer 18

Covariation (the variables are logically related ( Education and income) ), Temporal order ( the cause (IV) comes before the effect (DV)
), Elimination of rival explanations ( rule out other factors)

Question 19

What is a pretest-posttest design?

Answer 19

Measures DV before and after exposure to IV.

Question 20

What is the purpose of a control group?

Answer 20

To rule out placebo effects and natural changes.

Question 21

What is a double-blind design?

Answer 21

Neither the researcher nor the subject knows group assignments.

Question 22

What is A/B testing?

Answer 22

Comparing two versions (e.g., ad formats) with one changed variable.

Question 23

What’s the difference between random sampling and random assignment?

Answer 23

Sampling = selection from population; Assignment = allocation to groups.

Question 23

What is the classical experimental design?

Answer 23

Random assignment, IV manipulation, and DV measurement post-test

Question 24

What is the Solomon Four-Group Design?

Answer 24

A rigorous design using combinations of pretests and exposure to IV.

Question 25

What is internal validity?

Answer 25

The degree to which the experiment accurately measures the effect of the IV.

Question 26

What is external validity?

Answer 26

The generalizability of the findings to real-world settings.

Question 27

What is a between-subjects design?

Answer 27

Each participant receives one level of the IV.

Question 28

What is a within-subjects design?

Answer 28

Each participant receives all levels of the IV.

Question 29

What is counterbalancing?

Answer 29

Varying the order of treatment to reduce order effects.

Question 30

One strength of experiments?

Answer 30

Strong evidence for causality and easy replication.

Question 31

One weakness of experiments?

Answer 31

Lab settings may lack real-world realism (artificiality).

Question 32

What does WEIRD stand for in research?

Answer 32

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic.

Question 33

Best sampling method for generalizing survey results?

Answer 33

Probability sampling

Question 34

Best sampling method for sensitive or hidden populations?

Answer 34

Snowball or purposive sampling.

Question 35

Best sampling method for fast, low-cost data collection?

Answer 35

Convenience sampling.

Question 36

Best method for national health surveys (accuracy + diversity)?

Answer 36

Stratified or cluster sampling.

Question 37

What is the main feature of probability sampling?

Answer 37

Each unit has a known and equal chance of being selected.

Question 38

What is simple random sampling?

Answer 38

Everyone has an equal chance, selected via random number generator.

Question 39

What is systematic sampling?

Answer 39

Selecting every nth person after a random start (e.g., every 977th person).

Question 40

What is stratified sampling?

Answer 40

Dividing the population into strata (e.g., age, gender), then sampling from each.

Question 41

What is cluster sampling?

Answer 41

Randomly selecting groups (clusters), then sampling individuals within.

Question 42

When is cluster sampling useful?

Answer 42

When the population is geographically spread out.

Question 43

What is convenience sampling?

Answer 43

Using whoever is available (e.g., people near a shelter); low representativeness.

Question 44

What is purposive sampling?

Answer 44

Selecting specific cases that meet detailed criteria.

Question 45

What is quota sampling?

Answer 45

Non-random, stratified sampling targeting specific proportions of subgroups.