Quantitative DATA Flashcards
(26 cards)
What is primary data?
Data collected firsthand by the researcher through direct methods such as surveys or experiments.
What is secondary data?
Data that has already been collected by someone else and is used for analysis, such as published reports.
What is the difference between a sample and a population?
A population includes all members of a defined group, while a sample is a subset selected from the population.
What is discrete data?
Data that can only take specific values, often counted (e.g., number of students).
What is continuous data?
Data that can take any value within a range (e.g., height, weight).
Define a variable.
A characteristic or attribute that can change or vary among individuals.
Define an attribute in data.
A qualitative characteristic that can’t be measured numerically (e.g., gender, nationality).
Differentiate between qualitative and quantitative data.
Qualitative data describes qualities (non-numerical), while quantitative data involves numbers and measurable quantities.
What are interviews in data collection?
A method where the researcher asks questions directly to respondents.
Give one merit and one demerit of interviews.
Merit: Allows detailed responses. Demerit: Time-consuming and expensive.
What are questionnaires?
Written sets of questions given to respondents to gather data.
Merit and demerit of questionnaires?
Merit: Cost-effective for large samples. Demerit: Low response rate.
What is direct observation?
Collecting data by watching subjects in their natural environment.
One advantage and one disadvantage of direct observation?
Advantage: Real-time, accurate data. Disadvantage: Observer bias.
Define census survey.
Data collection from every member of a population.
Define sample survey.
Data collected from a representative part of the population.
What is simple random sampling?
Every member has an equal chance of being selected.
Advantage of simple random sampling?
Minimizes selection bias.
Disadvantage of simple random sampling?
May not represent subgroups well.
What is stratified sampling?
Population is divided into strata and random samples taken from each.
Advantage of stratified sampling?
Ensures representation of key subgroups.
Disadvantage of stratified sampling?
Requires detailed population info.
What is systematic sampling?
Selecting every kth element from a list after a random start.
What is multistage sampling?
Combines several sampling methods in stages.
