Quantitative Descriptive Statistics

Question 1

The practice or science of collecting and analyzing numerical data in large quantities. It summarizes data from a sample.

Answer 1

Statistics

Question 2

It provides a standardized method and procedure for summarizing and organizing all cases of one quantitative variable.

Answer 2

Descriptive Statistics

Question 3

Numbers that summarize data for an entire population.

Answer 3

Parameters

Question 4

It is the most commonly used descriptive statistic and it is defined as the number of times a particular value of a variable occurs.

Answer 4

Frequencies

Question 5

The two fundamental types of numerical data.

Answer 5

Quantitative data and Categorical data

Question 6

It is obtained when the variable being studied is measured along a scale that indicates how much of the variable is present. It is also reported in terms of scores.

Answer 6

Quantitative data

Question 7

Indicates the total number of objects, individuals, or events a researcher finds in a particular category. Some examples are race, sex, and age group.

Answer 7

Categorical data

Question 8

It is a theoretical distribution that is symmetrical and in which a large proportion of the scores are concentrated in the middle.

Answer 8

Normal distribution

Question 9

Described as an asymmetrical type of curve. It is also the degree to which the distribution of data is bunched to one side or the other.

Answer 9

Skewness

Question 10

Shows a distribution in which there are hardly any scores on the right side of the distribution.

Answer 10

Positively Skewed Curve

Question 11

There are very few low scores — the long tail

pointing to the left indicates this.

Answer 11

Negatively Skewed Curve

Question 12

A table that helps researchers create a visual representation of the distribution. This is done by listing the scores in order, from highest to lowest, with tallies to indicate the number of times each score occurs.

Answer 12

Frequency distribution

Question 13

What are the ways to measure quantitative data?

Answer 13

Number of cases, Measures of central tendency, and Measures of dispersion

Question 14

The number of cases for which data are reported is represented by the letter _____.

Answer 14

N

Question 15

__________ is used to collect data from large populations and generalize the statistics to the broader population in an externally valid way.

Answer 15

Sampling

Question 16

True or False: A normal distribution exhibits zero skewness.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

True or False: In a distribution that contains an uneven number of scores, the MEAN is the middlemost score (provided that the scores are listed in order).

Answer 17

False

Question 18

True or False: You can use Z-Scores ad T-Scores anytime even if the distribution is not normal enough to make the conversion to percentages or probabilities become legitimate.

Answer 18

False

Question 19

True or false: T-scores are the simplest form of standard scores.

Answer 19

False

Question 20

The primary summary form of data.

Answer 20

Measures of Central Tendency

Question 21

_____ is the most common measure of central tendency. It is determined by
adding up all of the scores and then dividing this sum by the total number of
scores.

Answer 21

Mean

Question 22

True or false: “Cognitive Research” seeks to determine whether a relationship exists between two quantitative variables.

Answer 22

False

Question 23

In a distribution that contains an uneven number of scores, the ______ is the middlemost score (provided that the scores are listed in order).

Answer 23

Median

Question 24

The ______ is the score that appears most often in a dataset.

Answer 24

Mode

Question 25

It indicates the spread of the scores in a distribution. This information helps us see how dispersed the responses are to items on an instrument.

Answer 25

Measures of Dispersion

Question 26

The difference between the highest and the lowest scores to items on an instrument.

Answer 26

Range

Question 27

________________ is the most useful index of variability. It is a single number that represents the spread of a distribution.

Answer 27

Standard Deviation

Question 28

A percent stated in decimal form and refers to the likelihood of an event occurring.

Answer 28

Probability

Question 29

These scores are particularly helpful in | comparing an individual’s relative position on different instruments.

Answer 29

Standard scores

Question 30

The two standard scores that are most frequently used in educational research are _________ and __________.

Answer 30

z scores and T scores

Question 31

True or False: When the distribution of scores is normal, both T scores and z scores can be interpreted in terms of percentile ranks because there is a direct relationship between the two.

Answer 31

True

Question 32

True or False: It should be remembered that only when the distribution is normal that the conversion to percentages or probabilities become legitimate.

Answer 32

True

Question 33

It seeks to determine whether a relationship exists between two quantitative variables. Doing so can be helpful to researchers in prediction and to identify causation.

Answer 33

Correlation

Question 34

It uses the symbol r, equivalent to the degree of relationship between two sets of scores/variables.

Answer 34

Correlation Coefficients

Question 35

_____ is used when a scatterplot shows a nonlinear (curvilinear) relationship.

Answer 35

Eta

Question 36

True or False: Pearson Product-Moment Coefficient is the most frequently used correlation coefficients, symbolized as Pearson r.

Answer 36

True

Question 37

Also known as “cross tabulation”, it is used when the data can be divided between categorical variables.

Answer 37

Cross-break Tables

Question 38

_________ summarize quantitative data and information in graphs, charts, or pictures that show the relation among scores or variables.

Answer 38

Figures

Question 39

True or False: Scatterplots and Line Graphs show relationships and interactions between two variables.

Answer 39

True

Question 40

________ and ________ are constructed by default as an output and visual presentation of the frequencies of data. They are used to depict trends and distributions of data.

Answer 40

Bar Graphs and Pie Charts