Quarterly Exam #3 Study Definitions

Question 0

Gothic Cathedrals

Answer 0

Relating to a style of architecture that developed in medieval Europe, featuring ribbed vaults, stained glass windows, flying buttresses, pointed arches, and tall spires. They were more light and open than Romanesque cathedrals, which were dark, gloomy, boxy, and let in little light.

Question 1

Mansa Musa

Answer 1

A king from Mali who went on a pilgrimage to Mecca and on his way gave lots of gold to people (this made Europeans learn of their excessive wealth). He greatly supported religious education, and helped build and fund many schools. He also made Timbuktu an important place of trade, learning, diversity, and culture.

Question 2

Simony

Answer 2

The selling or buying of a position in a Christian church.

Question 3

University

Answer 3

Groups of scholars meeting where they could to discuss studies and from that get jobs.

Question 4

Pope Urban II

Answer 4

The pope who called for the “ holy war” against the Muslims and the crusades after reading about what was happening there, told people who died on crusade they would go to heaven.

Question 5

Bubonic Plague

Answer 5

A deadly disease that spread across Asia and Europe in the mid-14th century, killing millions of people.
Resulted in:
-crumbling of medieval society (peasant revolts)
-decrease in faith and power of the church

Question 6

Norman Conquest

Answer 6

William the Conquerer was the Duke of Normandy (descendants of the Vikings) and Cousin of Edward the Confessor. He fought in the Battle of Hastings (1066) with Harold Godwinson, an Anglo-Saxon who claimed the throne. Harold died, being pierced in the eye. William won and declared England as all of his personal property, giving lands to Norman lords and laying the foundation for a centralized government in Europe.

Question 7

Church Reform #1

Answer 7

Priests married with kids→ Pope Leo IX enforced church laws

—–against the church

Question 8

Lay Investiture

Answer 8

The appointment of religious officials by kings or nobles.

Question 9

Charlemagne

Answer 9

The ruler of the Frankish kingdom after Carloman. He was the greatest supporter of Christianity, conquered many and converted them to Christianity, and spurred the Carolingian Renaissance which spread Christianity through literacy and being able to read the Bible.

Question 10

The Middle Ages

Answer 10

The era in European history that followed the fall of the Roman Empire, lasting from about 500-1500–also called the medieval period.

Question 11

Caliph

Answer 11

A supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government. Means “successor” or “deputy”.

Question 12

Feudalism

Answer 12

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land.

Question 13

Battle of Tours

Answer 13

Fought between Frankish leader Charles Martel and and Islamic army. It slowed the Islamic conquests and preserved Christianity as the main religion in Europe. If the Muslims had won , Western Europe might have become a part of the Muslim empire.

Question 14

Shiite (Shi’a)

Answer 14

A sect of Islam that believes the leaders should be descendants of Muhammad.

Question 15

Timbuktu

Answer 15

Timbuktu became one of the most important cities of the empire. It attracted Muslim judges, doctors, religious leaders, and scholars from far and wide. They attended Timbuktu’s outstanding mosques and universities

Question 16

Papacy

Answer 16

The Pope’s Office.

Question 17

Ibn Battuta

Answer 17

An Influential Muslim explorer and traveller who was natively a Tangier and travelled from Spain to China (and was a judge in India).
In writing the Rihla, he introduced new ways of life, governments, systems of justice, and cultures to people who didn’t know. He increased the desire to travel in many. He also complimented and used constructive criticism to help cities grow and improve.

Question 18

Excommunication

Answer 18

The taking away of a person’s right of membership in a Christian church. Henry VI was excommunicated.

Question 19

Tithe

Answer 19

A religious tax paid that people had to pay to the church. The tax = one-tenth of your income.

Question 20

Secular

Answer 20

Concerned with worldly power involved in politics rather than spiritual matters. Gregory l changed the papacy to this. He made the church become the center of the Roman government (used church revenues to raise armies, repair roads, and help the poor).

Question 21

Rightly Guided Caliph

Answer 21

Caliphs who used the Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions as guides to leadership–Umar, Uthman, and Ali.

Question 22

Crusades

Answer 22

One of the expeditions in which medieval Christian warriors fought to recover control of the Holy Land from the Muslims.
Effects were:
BAD:
—hostility between Muslims and Christians
—weakened feudal nobility and increased the power of kings
—Jews were persecuted
GOOD:
—European merchants expanded trade with the west (Europe and Southwest Asia)»>benefitted both Christians and Muslims

Question 23

House of Wisdom

Answer 23

A center of learning that was established in Baghdad in the 800s. Here scholars of various cultures translated texts from Greece, India, Persia into the vernacular Arabic. Developed standards and techniques for research that are a part of basic methods today
creation was spurred by Muhammad’s emphasis on study and scholarship.

Question 24

Magna Carta

Answer 24

Document guaranteeing basic political rights in England, drawn up by nobles and approved by King John. The nobles wanted to safeguard their own feudal rightsand limit the king’s powers. Basis for constitution.
Included:
---No taxation w/o representation
---jury trial
---protection of the law

Question 25

Sunni

Answer 25

A sect of Islam. Sunnis believe that the Muslim community should select their own leaders, instead of having the leaders be a descendant of Muhammad. It is the majority religion in most Islamic countries.

Question 26

Umayyads

Answer 26

A dynasty that ruled the Muslim empire from AD 661-750 and later established a kingdom in al-Andalus
The Umayyads moved the Muslim capital to Damascus. This location, away from Mecca, made controlling conquered territories easier. However, the Arab Muslims felt it was too far away from their lands. In addition, the Umayyads abandoned the simple life of previous caliphs and began to surround themselves with wealth and ceremony similar to that of non-Muslim rulers. These actions, along with the leadership issue, gave rise to a fundamental division in the Muslim community.

Question 27

Abbasid

Answer 27

A dynasty that ruled the Muslim empire after the Umayyads.
To solidify power, the Abbasids moved the capital of the empire in 762 to a newly created city, Baghdad, in central Iraq. The location on key trade routes gave the caliph access to trade goods, gold, and information about the far-flung empire. The Abbasids developed a strong bureaucracy to conduct the huge empire’s affairs. To support this bureaucracy, the Abbasids taxed land, imports and exports, and non-Muslims’ wealth. The Abbasids increased their authority by consulting religious leaders. But they failed to keep complete political control of the immense territory.

Question 28

Inquisition

Answer 28

This was used by the Spanish monarchs Isabella and Ferdinand to unify their empire under Christianity. It was a court held to suppress heresy, or religious beliefs which differed from those of the church.

Question 29

Hundred Years’ War

Answer 29

A conflict in which England and France battled on French soil on and off from 1337-1453. Effects were nationalism in both countries, power of the French monarch, and inner turmoil in England.

Question 30

Church Reform #2

Answer 30

Simony → Pope Leo IX enforced church laws against simony

—–corrupt, too much power, and unethical and immoral

Question 31

Church Reform #3

Answer 31

Monasteries and churches have a lot of money→ stricter rules, monastic reform, and vow of poverty
—–the church is not supposed to be about wealth (non profit), and everything should be equal

Question 32

Church Reform #4

Answer 32

Lay Investiture→ Concordat of Worms (said that church people appoint church people, political people appoint political people) and Popes appoint bishops but Kings can veto
—-kings control powerful bishops and it takes power away from the Pope.