Quest 2

Question 1

Phylogenetic systemics

Answer 1

classifying organisms based on evolutionary histories

Question 2

phylogeny

Answer 2

branching relationships of populations as they give rise to descendants, allows us to reconstruct the tree of life

Question 3

phylogram

Answer 3

trees with varying branch length

Question 4

cladogram

Answer 4

trees with the same branch length

Question 5

chronogram

Answer 5

tree where branch length represents actual time, not evolutionary change

Question 6

polytomy

Answer 6

node with more than two branches arising from it

Question 7

node

Answer 7

branch point where tree splits, represents common ancestors of the branching speces

Question 8

branch

Answer 8

desendents

Question 9

root

Answer 9

common ancestor to the whole tree, link to the rest of life

Question 10

traits

Answer 10

specific values of a character

Question 11

2 characters of a trait

Answer 11

1. infer patterns of ancestry and descent
2. can be mapped to infer evolutionary events

Question 12

homologous trait

Answer 12

trait in two or more species that comes from a common ancestor

Question 13

homoplasy

Answer 13

trait similar in two or more species even thought they do not share a common ancestor

Question 14

analogous trait

Answer 14

trait in two or more species that evolved independently and do not share a common ancestor

Question 15

homology vs analogy

Answer 15

homology is from a common ancestor, analogy is due to convergent evolution

Question 16

divergent evolution

Answer 16

closely related populations diverge from one another due to different effects of natural selection

Question 17

convergent evolution

Answer 17

where two or more populations become more similar to each other because they are exposed to similar selective conditions

Question 18

characters

Answer 18

observable characteristics in an organism: anatomical, genetic, behavioral, deevelopmental

Question 19

monophyletic group

Answer 19

taxonomic group including all descendants of the common ancestor and no other members

Question 20

paraphyletic group

Answer 20

contains most common ancestor but not all descendents

Question 21

polyphyletic group

Answer 21

an artificial clade, all descendants not from common ancestor

Question 22

outgroup

Answer 22

group with no known evolutionary relationship to the focus taxon

Question 23

DNA data

Answer 23

makes up and can reconstruct molecular phylogenies

Question 24

long branch attraction

Answer 24

parsimony incorrectly inferring a too close relationship between branches

Question 25

sister taxa

Answer 25

taxa derived from the same node

Question 26

synapomorphy

Answer 26

shared derived trait

Question 27

clade

Answer 27

group of species that share a single recent common ancestor

Question 28

Carolous Linnaeus

Answer 28

worked with binomial nomenclature, put things together based on resemblance. named the most species

Question 29

willi henning

Answer 29

phylogenetic systemics, groups based on evolutionary history

Question 30

phytogeography

Answer 30

how a group or species moved across the globe over the course of evolutionary history

Question 31

methods to create phylogenetic tree

Answer 31

1. parsimony 2. distance 3. maximum likelihood 4. Bayesian inference

Question 32

parsimony method

Answer 32

trees that minimize the number of evolutionary changes

Question 33

distance method

Answer 33

measure the distance of genetic distances to construct the tree

Question 34

maximum likelihood method

Answer 34

how traits change through evolutionary processes by applying statistics

Question 35

bayesian analysis method

Answer 35

like maximum likelihood with different interpretation of what is best explained

Question 36

bootstrap resampling

Answer 36

continuously rerun data to verify information is correct

Question 37

microevolutionary processes

Answer 37

migration and dispersal

Question 38

macroevolutionary processes

Answer 38

radiations and speciation

Question 39

heuristic search

Answer 39

explore possible solutions before deciding on one

Question 40

transition

Answer 40

where a purine is replaced by another purine

Question 41

transversion

Answer 41

when a purine is replaced by a pyrimidine or vice versa

Question 42

polarity

Answer 42

whether a character trait is primitive or derived, the direction of evolutionary change

Question 43

sequence alignment

Answer 43

arranging DNA sequences to find similarities due to evolutionary relatedness

Question 44

tree score (parsimony score)

Answer 44

number of character changes on a tree

Question 45

ingroup

Answer 45

group of organisms included in the cladogram

Question 46

vestigial organs

Answer 46

organs in an organism that no longer function how they did in the ancestral form