Quest 6

Question 1

Intrasexual competition

Answer 1

Male-Male competition, fight among themselves to control a group of females or resources that females use

Question 2

Intersexual Competition

Answer 2

females choose between males that advertise features

Question 3

amplexus

Answer 3

males and females are connected during sex with the male behind to protect female

Question 4

Handicap principle

Answer 4

costly behaviors that make reliable signals

Question 5

runaway selection hypothesis

Answer 5

linkage disequilibrium between a trait gene in males and a preference gene in females

Question 6

Different ways in which genetic material is exchanged

Answer 6

transduction, conjugation, transformation

Question 7

automixis

Answer 7

gamete formation through self-fertilization

Question 8

apomixis

Answer 8

asexual reproduction without fertilization

Question 9

amphimixis

Answer 9

reproduction where there is fusion between two gametes to form a zygote

Question 10

methods of determining sexual vs asexual reproduction

Answer 10

natural history (males), genomic structures (chromosome squash), phylogenetics (testing DNA and nuclear DNA)

Question 11

red queen hypothesis

Answer 11

species must constantly adapt, evolve, and proliferate in order to survive over opposing species, also hypothesis for evolution of sexual reproduction

Question 12

cyclical parthenogenesis

Answer 12

safeguards against environmental change by having a backup plan for stress

Question 13

anisogamy

Answer 13

fusion of two gametes (males are a waste)

Question 14

isogamy

Answer 14

one type of gamete, no cost of males

Question 15

environmental unpredictability

Answer 15

sexual reproduction generates genetic variation and allows lineages to adapt faster than asexual reproduction

Question 16

Muller’s ratchet

Answer 16

buildup of deleterious mutations

Question 17

asexual reproduction

Answer 17

offspring from unfertilized gametes

Question 18

sexual dimorphism

Answer 18

distinct difference in size or appearance between the sexes of an animal aside from sex organ

Question 19

parasite load

Answer 19

sexual reproduction will increase in frequency relative to asexual reproduction when parasitism is high

Question 20

Infanticide

Answer 20

intentional killing of the young often for enhancing male success but females can kill too

Question 21

Sexy sons hypothesis

Answer 21

female choses mate based on whether or not she thinks her offspring will carry that trait forword

Question 22

cuckoldry

Answer 22

males compete with other males for access to mating opportunities, sneaker bluegill fish

Question 23

Sensory bias model

Answer 23

females initially prefer a certain male trait but not because of a mating benefit

Question 24

Traumatic insemination

Answer 24

mating practice where male pierces the female’s abdomen with his penis and injects his sperm through the wound into her abdominal cavity

Question 25

siblicide

Answer 25

killing of young done by siblings or half siblings

Question 26

parental investment

Answer 26

energy and time expended on offspring

Question 27

direct benefits hypothesis

Answer 27

selection favors females who have a genetic predisposition to choose males that provide them with resources beyond sperm which increases fecundity

Question 28

cooperation

Answer 28

two or more individuals receive a benefit from joint actions

Question 29

cooperator

Answer 29

pays an immediate consequence for actions but overall fitness is increased if corporation is achieved

Question 30

direct fitness

Answer 30

viable offspring

Question 31

indirect fitness

Answer 31

effect of your behavior on the fitness of your genetic relatives

Question 32

inclusive fitness

Answer 32

sum of direct and indirect fitness

Question 33

The altruism problem

Answer 33

why would natural selection favor an individual who does things that reduces its own fitness while increasing the fitness of others

Question 34

Free rider problem

Answer 34

why would groups of individuals invest energy and time in activities that benefit the entire group when they could just "free ride" off of others

Question 35

kinship

Answer 35

"blood thicker than water", share common genes inherited from common ancestors. if you yourself cant increase your own fitness then at least some of your genes can get passed down through your relatives

Question 36

reciprocity

Answer 36

if one individual pays a cost to help another individual, the cost is recovered later on when the other individual repays the cost.

Question 37

Hamiltons rule

Answer 37

rb > c, where r is coefficient of relatedness b is benefit and c is cost

Question 38

the cost of sex

Answer 38

cost of anisogamy, allowing for there to be more males and it can break up favorable gene combinations

Question 39

Fisher-Muller Hypothesis

Answer 39

sexual reproduction will accelerate the speed at which evolution operates due to recombination

Question 40

sperm competition

Answer 40

sexual selection acts on traits that affect the sperm's ability to reach and fertilize an egg

Question 41

Prisoner's dilemma

Answer 41

they can cooperate with their partner for mutual benefit or betray their partner for individual reward

Question 42

familial conflict

Answer 42

sexual conflict between parents, parent-offspring conflict, sib-sib conflict

Question 43

costs of sex

Answer 43

-searching and courting potential mate - less time in watching for predators -disease

Question 44

benefits to sexual reproduction

Answer 44

-purge deleterious mutations -genetic variation - improve selection chances.

Question 45

intersexual competition

Answer 45

competition between the two sexes

Question 46

intrasexual competition

Answer 46

males compete with males

Question 47

reasons for intersexual competition

Answer 47

for the females to choose a mate

Question 48

reasons for intrasexual competition

Answer 48

for access to member of the other sex

Question 49

modes of sperm competition

Answer 49

-mate guarding -blocking females genital opening -removing other males sperm

Question 50

types of fitness

Answer 50

direct, indirect, inclusive

Question 51

Eusociality

Answer 51

-social system with reproductive division of labor and overlapping generations -evolved because it benefits many generations -comes about via haplodiploid genetics

Question 52

sexual conflict

Answer 52

conflict between male and female reproductive partners

Question 53

parent-offspring conflict

Answer 53

conflict between how much energy offspring receives from parent

Question 54

sib-sib conflict

Answer 54

which sibling receives the most resources from the parents