Quest 3 Flashcards
(50 cards)
1
Q
3 Accessory Sex Glands
A
- dependent on androgens for full development
- produce components of seminal fluids necessary for final alterations and packaging of sperm
- once sperm is mixed with this fluid available for delivery by ejaculation
1. Prostate Gland
2. Bulbourethral Gland (Cowpers’ glands)
3. Seminal Vesicles
2
Q
Tunica Albuginea
A
- white connective tissue capsule that covers the testes
- lies immediately below the visceral vaginal tunic
- very intimately associated with the testicular parenchyma(tissue of the testis)
- sends finger like projections into the parenchyma of the testicle
- the surfaces of the projections join with the mediastinum (center of the testis)
- > formation of lobes and lobules
3
Q
Testes Positions
A
- vary by species
1. Scrotal cavity outside of the body in the scrotum - horses, dogs, humans
- cooling purpose
2. Retroperitoneal position - testes never descend, they stay behind the peritoneum
- testes located inside the body
- chickens and elephants
3. Can move the testes in and out of the body based on the temperature throughout their lives - rabbits and mice
4
Q
Excurrent Duct System
A
- function in sperm maturation during passage, acquiring motility and fertilization ability
1. Epididymis
2. Ductus Deferens
3. Pelvic Urethra
4. Penile Urethra
5
Q
Inguinal Ring
A
- prevents other animals from moving the testes in and out
- it is the passageway from the body cavity into the scrotum
6
Q
Tubular Compartment
A
- consists of seminiferous tubules
- connected to the mediastinum by rete tubules (small tubules)
- support sertoli cells (nurse cells)
7
Q
What layers contract to move sperm
A
- muscularis layers of the ductus deferens and epididymal duct
8
Q
Ampulla
A
- thickened portion of the ductus deferens as it gets closer to the pelvis, opens directly into the pelvic urethra
- lots of mucus secretion (seminal fluid)
- pass through the accessory sex glands
- connects to the pelvic urethra to get semen and not just sperm cells
9
Q
Gubernaculum
A
- ligament that governs the movement of the scrotum
10
Q
Male Anatomy/Tract (Factory)
A
- Testes (Gonads)
- — Tract - Epididymis
- Ductus(Vas) Deferens
- Accessory Sex Glands
- —- Ends - Penis (External Genitalia)
11
Q
Penis
A
- the delivery system
12
Q
Mediastinum
A
- the central connective tissue core of the testis that houses ducts called rete tubules
- helps prevent compression or collapse of the rete tubules so sperm and fluid from the seminiferous tubules can move out of the testes
- rete tubules are tiny channels which sperm are transported out of the testes
13
Q
Sigmoid flexure
A
- is an S shaped configuration along the shaft of the penis
- allows the penis to retract (within the sheath) until erection occurs
14
Q
Spermatogenesis
A
- the process of sperm development in the seminiferous tubules
15
Q
Penis 3 parts
A
- Base of the penis
- Shaft
- Glans Penis (specialized distal end)
16
Q
Autoimmune protection
A
- tight junction between the cell types to prevent spermatoglobulins from ruining the cells
17
Q
Testicular Parenchyma
A
- major mass of tissues in the testis
2 Portions
1. Tubular Compartment
2. Interstitial Compartment
18
Q
Pampiniform Plexus
A
- intertwining veins and arteries coming from and going to the testis
- testicular veins that branch into an elaborate network that forms many intimate finger-like wrappings surrounding the highly convoluted testicular artery within the spermatic cord
- supplies the blood
- counter current exchange
- maintains proper temperature control of the testis by pre-cooling the arterial blood prior to reaching the testes
19
Q
Seminiferous Tubules
A
- comprise the tubular compartment of the parenchyma
- form highly convoluted loops, the ends join the rete tubules and will find their way back to the mediastinum
20
Q
Glans penis
A
- homolog to the clitoris
- heavily populated with sensory nerves
- trigger and stimulatory for ejaculation is found here
21
Q
Accessory Sex Glands
A
- final alterations and packaging take place here
22
Q
Outermost layer of the scrotum
A
- the skin
- sweat glands
- hair
- innervated, large number of nerves (feeling)
- stratified squamous epithelium (protection)
23
Q
Rete Tubules
A
- interconnected channels in the mediastinum testis that receive sperm from the seminiferous tubules
- efferent ducts connect the rete tubules to the epididymis
- efferent ducts send sperm toward the epididymis
24
Q
Parietal Vaginal Tunic
A
- closer to the body wall of the scrotum than the visceral
- innermost layer of the scrotum
- far more extensive than the visceral, covers more area
- derived from the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity
25
Tunica Dartos
- meshlike smooth muscle located just beneath the scrotal skin
- allows for longer contractions of the smooth muscle that constantly responds to changes in the scrotal skin temperature
- when the testes are exposed to high temps, the tunica dartos relaxes, which unwrinkles the skin and allows the testes to move further away from the body (cooling mechanism)
- cremaster muscle will also relax and allow testes to move inferiorly away from the body
- in cold temperatures allows testes to be held close to the body for sustained periods, the tunica dartos and cremaster muscles will contract to conserve heat
26
Epididymis
- androgen(testosterone) dependent once reached
- very coiled and surrounded by smooth muscle!!
- once sperm is produced it will travel through the rete tubules and the efferent ducts to reach the head and body of the epididymis
- the head and body are the "finishing shops" where the sperm will mature to become fertile
- then it will go to the tail which is the "warehouse and shipping center"
- once reach the tail they are fully functional sperm, will remain in the tail until male ready to release (rest here)
- will serve as a storage organ and be released via contractions of the ductus deferens and epididymis
27
Stimulation through pressure and temperature is for what species?
- ram, bull, tom
28
Scrotum
- two lobed sac where the testes are
- aid in protection, support, and temperature regulation
- the ideal temperature for production and storing sperm is 2-3'C lower than internal body temperature
- skin covered-sacs that provide the cooler environment needed for normal sperm development and maturation
4 Layers
1. outermost layer- skin
2. Tunica Dartos
3. Scrotal Fascia
4. Parietal Vaginal Tunic
29
How does the scrotum react to external temperature changes?
- a counter current exchange system in the scrotum
- when the testes are exposed to high temps, the tunica dartos relaxes, which unwrinkles the skin and allows the testes to move further away from the body (cooling mechanism)
- cremaster muscle will also relax and allow testes to move inferiorly away from the body
- in cold temperatures allows testes to be held close to the body for sustained periods, the tunica dartos and cremaster muscles will contract to conserve heat
30
Vaginal Tunics
- derived from the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity
- "sheath"
- parietal vaginal tunic and visceral vaginal tunic
- the two are separated by a vaginal cavity
31
Male Reproductive Tract
1. Seminiferous Tubules
2. Epididymis
3. Ductus Deferens
4. Pelvic Urethra
5. Penile Urethra
32
Ductus Deferens
- when the sperm leave the epididymis they enter here
- travels within the spermatic cord
- creates contractions to transport the sperm back to the body
- travels through the inguinal ring and enters the pelvic cavity before nearing the prostate gland
- as nears the prostate gland it enlarges and forms the ampulla of the ductus deferens
33
Bilateral Testes
- both testes are missing
| - infertile
34
Tom's glans penis
- has the most specific penis
- covered with spines/small barbs
- androgen dependent (testosterone) and disappear when castrated
- cats are induced sporadically, barbs cause ovulation in female queen
35
Unilateral Testes
- one testis is missing
| - still fertile
36
Inguinal Ring
- the passageway from the body cavity into the scrotum
| - the spermatic cord originates here and travels to the testis
37
Testis
- sperm production
- hormone production (testosterone)
- fluid production (originates from seminiferous tubules)
38
Vaginal Cavity
- the interval between the parietal vaginal tunic and the visceral vaginal tunic
39
Spermatic Cord
- originates at the inguinal ring and travels to the testis
- suspends the testis in the scrotum
- blood vessels and nerves to the testis travel from within the abdomen to the scrotum via the spermatic cord
- provides a pathway to and from the body for the testicular vasculature, lymphatics and nerves
- houses the ductus deferens, the cremaster muscle and a specialized vascular network called the pampiniform plexus
40
Testes (gonads)
- the primary sex organ
- within the scrotum
- are the manufacturers of sperm production (spermatogenesis) and androgens (male sex hormones)
- produce about 25 million sperm a day
41
Scrotal Fascia
- thin connective tissue located under the tunica dartos
| - responsible for the high degree of motility of the penile skin
42
Visceral Vaginal Tunic
- outermost testicular capsule layer
- mostly connective tissue with some smooth muscle
- more sperm
- peritoneal layer underneath
43
External Genitalia
- penile muscles
- retractor penile muscles (contracts penis inside the sheath to maintain sigmoid flexure until ready for erection)
- sigmoid flexure (allows for erection)
2 sections of the Shaft
1. Corpus Cavernosum (majority of interior)
- spongy erectile tissue
- causes the erection
2. Corpus Spongiosum
- spongy erectile tissue that surrounds the penile urethra
- both fill with blood to cause an erection
44
Testicular Capsule Layers
- 2 layers in the testis
- covers the testis
1. Visceral Vaginal Tunic
2. Tunica Albuginea
45
Interstitial Compartment
- consists of all cells and materials outside of the seminiferous tubules, such as blood vessels, connective tissue, lymphatics, nerves
- leydig cells (testosterone production)
46
Cremaster Muscle
- skeletal muscle
- wraps around the spermatic cord
- a striated muscle that is continuous with the internal abdominal oblique muscle
- primary muscle supporting the testis and the spermatic cord
- short contractions (trying to keep the testes temperature regulated, will pull the testes inferiorly closer to the body or move them away from the body)
- support of testes (strengthen spermatic cord and keep testes suspended)
- cremaster muscle contracts and relaxes in a pumping action on the pampiniform plexus, thus facilitating blood flow and enhancing cooling efficiency
47
Boars glans penis
- consists of a corkscrew configuration to enable penetration of the interdigitating prominences of the cervix
48
Counter Current Exchange System in the Scrotum
- pampiniform plexus provides this function
- heat from the warm arterial blood from the body is transferred to the cooler venous blood leaving the surface of the testes
- intertwining veins and arteries
- the ideal temperature for production and storing sperm is 2-3'C lower than internal body temperature
- cools the testes to 34'C, blood from the body is 37'C
- maintenance of a low testicular temperature is important for spermatogenesis to occur
49
Pathway of sperm
1. seminiferous tubules (make sperm)
2. rete tubules(transport out of testes)
3. mediastinum(protect rete tubules)
4. efferent ducts (get sperm out of testes)
5. epididymis (head, body, tail) -> androgen dependent
6. ductus deferens (take sperm back to the body)
7. pelvic urethra
8. penile urethra
9. penile miatus
50
Crypt Orchid Testes
- hidden testes
