Quiz 1 Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
Descartes Dualism
A
Distinguished between conscious god-like thoughts (originated from god) and unconscious animal thought. Also distinguished between the mind and the body
2
Q
Mesmer - Animal magnetism - 1770 and hypnosis 1840
A
used arm movements to change the magnetic fields of patients and used hypnosis to change the minds of the subject without the subjects awareness
3
Q
Darwin - Animal breeding
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Farmers have unconsciously been using the principles of natural selection to beef better cops and livestock
4
Q
Séances and spiritualism - 1800
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Belief in what might happen is influencing their behaviour which gives an unintended result
Ex: Ouija boards
5
Q
Sigmund Freud - Hysteria and neurosis 1900
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Made the metaphysical physical by putting the illness inside the brain as a part of their unconscious mind. Thought unconscious was a filter for conscious thought
6
Q
Watson - Behaviourism 1913
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People motivated by rewards and punishment. No reliable methods to study the mind so Watson and other behaviourists concluded that the mind was not causal and that conscious thoughts were not behaviour
7
Q
Skinner - Verbal Behaviour
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Verbal behaviour and other higher mental processes are environmentally driven by stimulus-response linkages
8
Q
Cognitive Revolution - 1960’s
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Complete reversal of role of environment in determining higher mental processes
9
Q
Behaviourism - 1957
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Environmental control over behaviour means there is no role for consciousness or for cognitive processes
10
Q
Neisser - pre attention analysis, pattern recognition, figurative synthesis (cognitive revolution)
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Replaced external stimuli as the cause of behaviour with goals and executive processes
Left a causal vacuum because her research basically said consciousness was used for everything
Crude products furnished to our conscious executive processes
11
Q
Anne Triesman - attention
A
Attention changes peoples experiences; intention changes behaviour
12
Q
Dawkins - selfish gene/“unconscious watchmaker”
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Not your mind that runs your consciousness it’s your genes, all bodily functions are governed by your genes. Goal of your genes is to survive and reproduce
13
Q
The role of technology
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Helped propel the cognitive revolution by the creation of things like stereo headphones and tachistoscope
Helped physiologists such as triesman and broadbent
14
Q
Unconscious
A
The processing of information without our awareness and sometimes without our intention
15
Q
What came first conscious or unconscious mind?
A
Unconscious mind
16
Q
Rozin - Conscious access to evolved unconscious mechanisms 1976
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Learning and education bring consciousness to limited-access programs in our unconscious
17
Q
Reber- what came first?
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Unconscious mind evolved first and predates the conscious mind
18
Q
Loftus & Klinger - is the unconscious smart?
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Unconscious mind is not as smart as Freud made it out to be. It is easily influenced by subliminal messages and lack of awareness of the causes and consequences of those messages and external stimuli on our mental processes
19
Q
Nesbit & Wilson - justification of primes
A
Can’t always rely on individuals personal account. People justified primed unconscious behaviour which confirms that we don’t know why a prime changed our behaviour in the first place
20
Q
What’s the cost for conscious thought?
A
Conscious thought requires 20% of our total energy use even though the brain is only 2% of total body mass
21
Q
William James quote
A
Consciousness drops out of any process where it is no longer needed
Ex: Driving a car
22
Q
George Miller - “magical number 7 plus or minus 2
A
Showed that there are limits to the amount of information we can keep in our working memory at one time
23
Q
Wilson et al - conscious thought is painful
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Participants would rather subject themselves repeatedly to a painful shock than be alone with their thoughts
24
Q
W. James -behavioural impulse
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Consciousness is not a source of behavioural impulses, more like a gatekeeper having veto power
25
Gazzinga - impulse understanding
Impulses from the right hemisphere are understood narrative-like by the left hemisphere
26
Libet - impulses
Impulses come from before conscious awareness of them
27
Wegner - impulses
Conscious agency (source of impulses) an illusion produced by attributional deduction; no true conscious causation for impulses
28
Conscious vs unconscious (definitions)
Conscious: awareness, intentional, slow/serial, controllability
Unconscious: unaware, unintended, fast/parallel, uncontrollable
29
Two different forms of not conscious
Subconscious (skill acquisition) intentional and efficient procedural learning
Preconscious processing: unintentional, immediate, and unaware analysis of stimuli
30
Jastow - skill acquisition
Argued that for processes to transition from conscious to unconscious required experience
Ex: driving a car
Reversed Freud’s notion of relationship between conscious and unconscious
31
Schiffin & Schneider - attention vs automatic processing
Used varied and consistent mapping to study attention vs automatic processing. Participants gradually became unaware of rehearsal or attention-demanding controlled processing after 600 trials.
External stimuli activate internal representations which they’ve become automatically associated with
32
Varied mapping
Sometimes the item (category) is the target, sometime it is the distractor
Controlled serial search (much slower)
33
Consistent mapping
Item(category) is either a target or a distractor and they don’t change
Automatic detection
34
Bargh & Ferguson - environmental stimuli
Environmental stimuli can trigger higher mental processes if cognitive processing is allowed to mediate these effects. Social behaviour in the external environment often access their corresponding mental representations in an immediate and direct manner without consciousness.
Mechanic can’t fix a car without looking under the hood
35
Subconscious processing
Same as skill acquisition: intentional and efficient, procedural learning
36
Bruner & Postum - preconscious analysis
Preconscious analysis of meaning prior to the perception of the stimulus. Filtered the world before stimulus was consciously perceived. Used a tachistoscope
37
Anne Triesmann - cognitive revolution
If there is some analysis of meaning prior to our perception of the stimulus this would mean that there is an unconscious, unintended analysis of the world and then the products of that analysis are furnished to conscious awareness
38
Tachistoscope
Displays an image for a set amount of time
39
Cleary - cocktail party effect
People noticed their name being said in one ear even if they were supposed to be focusing on the sounds coming into the other ear
40
Broadbent - filter world through physical aspects
We have control over our perceptual experiences. He was wrong about the barrier being based on physical stimulus
41
Triesmann - attentional barrier
Stimuli relative to our current purpose break through the attentional barrier. Participants shadowing a story played in 1 ear would automatically switch and continue shadowing when the story started playing in the other ear.
42
Deutch & Deutch - late selection
Every intake of information is analyzed for meaning but only what’s important is made conscious
43
Norman - top-down vs bottom-up processing
Preconscious analysis determined by accessibility of relative info matching internal representations
44
Modern Preconscious effect
Faces: trust, competence, other personality impressions (tordorov)
Stereotypes and biases
Coding behaviour (Uleman et al)
Effect of evaluation
Perceptual motor skills with a great deal of experience
45
Willis & tordorov - faces
Time constraint of 100 millisecond vs no time constraint had no affect on trait judgments of faces. Additional time only increased confidence
46
Bellew & tordorov - competence
Judgment of competence of peoples faces didn’t change with 100 ms vs 200 ms vs no time constraint
Governor races and senate races decided based on perceived competence based on the face
47
Perceptual fluency
We trust our senses implicitly, we trust them as true and valid information that comes to us effortlessly and fluently
48
Kelley Brown & Jasechko - implicit memory
Participants given list of names to memorize ten asked the next day to report who they thought was famous out ROA random list of names. Participants told that prior memorized names were NOT famous, yet still judged remembered names as famous
Fluency taken as a cue for validity or diagnosticity of the external information
49
Executive process
Continuous and intentional, operates on the outputs of the Preconscious analyses
Unconscious analysis of sensory info and conscious, intentional use of that analysis (legacy of Freud)
50
Dr. Penfield
Bypassed persons intentions by sending electric shock through certain parts of the brain
Your intention does not always ensure control
51
Gazzinga & LeDoux
Tested split-brain patients, discovered that commands given to the right brain hemisphere influenced responses and behaviour of the left brain without conscious awareness
52
Examples of unconscious executive process
Identity priming effects in test performance of 5 year olds
Hormonal influence on attraction and mating behaviour
Dieting goal priming in Dutch grocery stores
Achievement and study goal priming influences on best friends
53
Devine - stereotype
Subliminal activation of African American stereotype
54
Freudian unconscious
Primary process that filters the world
Separate mind that plays by its own rules
Workings not available to our consciousness
55
Locke & Latham - goal setting and priming
Unconscious goal pursuit produces the same effect with moderators and mediators as conscious goal setting
Produces the same outcome but the process is different
56
Kurt lewin - goal activation
Goal activation and operation can be unconscious
goal operation extends over time
Same motivational qualities apply to unconsciously pursued goals
57
Similarities between unconscious and conscious goal pursuit
Consciously pursued goals produce the same outcomes as unconsciously pursued goals just with different processes
Same motivational qualities apply
Both affect self-efficacy
58
Marien et al - 6 experiments
6 experiments demonstrating that unconscious achievement and other motives operate using the same working memory structure and executive processes as conscious goals utilize
Unconscious goal pursuit takes attention and capacity away from working memory
59
Stages of impression
Code behaviour traits, integrate difficult traits into overall judgment of character, surprise when behaviour was unexpected
60
McCullough et al - impression
Same stages of impression of individuals occur both consciously and unconsciously
61
Pessiglore et al - brain regions and rewards
Same brain regions involved in conscious and unconscious goal pursuit
Whether or not it’s subliminal doesn’t matter, the brain is more reactive when the reward is higher
62
Bos, nordgren, van baaren - complex decision making
More people who thought about a complex decision unconsciously got the correct answer
Same brain region when acquiring info was still active while their attention was elsewhere
63
Hassan - “Yes it Can”
Anything that can be done consciously can also be done unconsciously
64
Posner & Snyder - dual process model
2 types of thought: fast and slow
Only automatic responses under 500 milliseconds
Strategic response only after 500 milliseconds ( deliberate, forceful,conscious thought)
Created conditions necessary to show qualitatively the differences of fast and slow thought
65
Cornell et al - time pressure
Immense time pressure causes you to resort back to old, habitual, engrained thoughts and biases
66
Logan and zbrodoff - why two forms of thought?
We have two forms of thought to provide some flexibility in our thought process
67
1980
Preconscious processing of self-relevant information with social behaviours pre-consciously encoded as traits
68
1985
Attitudes and evaluations activated pre-consciously during perception
Stereotypes activated pre-consciously
69
1990
Goals and motives activated by situational features
70
1995
Social behaviours triggered by external cues
71
2005
Complex decisions can be made unconsciously
72
Morewedge & Kahneman
System 1: fast, impulsive, automatic, error-prone
System 2: slow, controlled, corrects errors that system 1 makes
System 1 makes the errors and system 2 corrects them
73
Awareness of stimulus vs awareness of effects
Awareness of effect/consequence of a stimulus is what’s important. There is the same effect on the brain by subliminal vs supraliminal presentation of stimuli as long as the person is not aware of its effects
74
Unconscious bias
We are aware of peoples physical appearance, but not aware of how they affect our subconscious and how we’re influenced by them
75
Valerie Purdie-Vaughn & Richard eibach - hiring bias
More bias hiring equally qualified job candidates one at a time then as a group because the bias is in your conscious awareness
76
Kruglanski & Gigerenzer - fast vs slow inferences
Fast and immediate inferences can be more accurate and adaptive then deliberate slower versions when it comes to skilled procedures and expertise
77
Critiques of system 1 and system 2
It’s too simple, there are certainly fast and slow processes, intentional and unintentional processes, easy and difficult mental processes but they are not mutually exclusive. You can’t just lump them into 2 systems there can be a combination of both
78
Main problem with system 1 and system 2
System 1 can make and does make many inferences
Ex: mind makes inferences based on where the sun is, visual system is drawing inferences, evolved traits, system 1 is doing the processing and making the inference
79
Karen and Schul - matrix
The alignment problem: 2x2x2x2 space of 16 cells but only 2 exist in space
Highlights the issue with the system 1 and system 2 line of thought
80
Melinkoff and Bargh - system 1 and system 2
No evidence of any actual difference in the brain between systems 1 and 2
81
Suhler & Churchland also bargh, Logan 2018 - control
Control = guided, purposeful, executive process
Control can be automatic and unintentional
82
Unconscious processes often used as a scapegoat
People in history used the idea of unconscious bias as an excuse when they are caught being overtly biased/racist/homophobic/etc
83
Mind, society and behaviour world development report
World development report basically said we should always engage in system 2 because system 1 is faulty
Named nepotism as system 1
84
Problems of deliberate thought
1. Rationalizations and motivated cognition
2. Limits of conscious (attentional) processing
3. Distractions and missed opportunities
4. Superiority of habitual and automatic self-regulation
85
Unconscious in the past
Unconscious influences are generally adaptive and in the service of our most important goals
86
Adaptive
Keeping us safe, willing, and able to mate and reproduce, motivated to find food, warmth, shelter, and cooperate with each other
87
Primary needs and motives
Physical safety
Disease avoidance
Resource acquisition: Hunger, warmth (food and shelter)
Reproduction and mating
Belonging/cooperation (familial/tribal)
88
Where do attitudes come from?
People, objects, events (stimuli) evaluated in terms of your evolved, basic, most important motivations
The abstract or surface attitude actually serves a deeper meaning
89
Block & Block - preschool children
Fearful preschool children more likely to report conservative attitudes at age 23
90
Inbar Pizarro & Bloom - conservatives vs liberals
Adult conservatives show higher sensitivity to threats compared to liberals
91
Oxely et al - startle reflex
Conservatives show greater startle reflex to unexpected noises and higher skin conductance in response to scary or unpleasant images
92
Kanai, fielden, firth, & rees - size of amygdala and political view
Self identified political conservativism is positively correlated with the size of the right amygdala
93
Schriber et al - conservatives and the brain
Republicans displayed more activation of right amygdala during risk taking exercise than democrats did
94
Napier, Huang, Vonasch, Bargh - physical safety
Imagining physical safety makes conservatives less conservative and turns conservatives into liberals
95
Changing needs changes attitudes
Satisfying the deeper need (for safety) also satisfies (turns off) the higher order effect (in this case, political attitudes). Making people feel safe makes them less conservative
96
Facial expressions
Communicate important information about the state of the current environment to others in our group, without words, immediately, reflexively, and in a way everyone in the group understands
97
Chapman et al - electro magnetism and faces
Used electromagnetism stimuli,action of facial muscles to illicit certain facial responses to physically disgusting or morally disgusting behaviour
98
Haidt - “emotional dog and it’s rational tail”
Reversed the usual model: instead of moral reasoning producing the emotion, the emotion is experienced immediately and intuitively and causes the reasoning
99
Schnall et al - disgust and cleanliness
Relation between disgust and moral condemnation, and cleanliness and moral purity or goodness
100
Huang, sedlovsky, Ackerman & Bargh - vaccines
Study 1: when threatened with disease, vaccinated people exhibit less prejudice toward immigrants than unvaccinated people
Study 2: framing vaccination messages in terms of immunity eliminates the relationship between chronic germ aversion and prejudice
Study 3: disease protection manipulation , washing hands reduces prejudice.
101
Need for control
Belief that you have fundamental control over important outcomes helps defend against the threat of randomness and chaos
102
Kay et al - control of their life
Individuals with perceived low power/control in their lives believed more in god, preferred more governmental control, greater instances of nationalism. Associate with broader societal mechanisms that do have power
103
Terror management theory
Making your own death more salient leads to long-term identifications with cultural and religious organizations or groups that will outlive you such as god and government. Also favour personal identities to institutions and organizations such as sports teams that will outlive them
104
Xu, Schwarz & Wyre - hunger
Hunger makes you buy more, not just at the grocery store but also at target, Walmart, internet shopping etc. also take more free stuff when offered. Generalizes to broader, ore abstract acquisition motive
105
Huang, sedlovsky, Ackerman, Bargh - influences of perceived safety
Feelings of physical safety influences feelings of social safety. Imagining having complete invulnerability reduces the effect of social rejection
106
M. tomasello et al - why were different than primates
The motivation to share psychological states and capacity to coordinate one’s behaviour with others. Sharing purposes and intentions is the basis for human culture
107
Hamlin, Hallinan, Woodward - directed behaviour
Study 1: 7 month olds were able to understand and reproduce explicit goal directed behaviour
Study 2: exhibited the same behaviour for unfulfilled goals (almost picked it up). Infants show they understand goals and tend to want to behave the same way.
108
Friend or Foe
6 to 10 month olds prefer the helper not the hindered, they exhibit pro-social behaviour
109
Over & Carpenter - interpersonal bond
18 month olds spontaneously helped pick up toys when primed with interpersonal bond. Cooperation makes children exhibit more social behaviour
110
Erica boothly - shared experience
Sharing experiences with someone we know makes it more intense and memorable (both good and bad)
111
Wickland Gollwitzwer symbolic self-conception
When there is an internal change of social self-conception there is a really strong desire to share it with everyone
112
Minnesota tracking study
Attachment to parents at age 1 affects all future relationships in your life including the number of friends you’ll have in high school and the number of breakups you’ll have in your 20’s
113
Hill & Durante - mating motive
Triggering the mating motive leads people to change their current behavioural choices, changes evaluation of actions that help reproduction goal but harm the survival and safety goal
114
Busetta et al - attractiveness
Activation of the mating motive leads to a bias toward perceived attractive people. Feelings of reward and goodness associated with the mating motive get associated with the persons qualifications
115
Why do people choose warm food after social resection?
Compensates for a lack of warmth, provides comfort
116
John bowlby - physical warmth
Physical warmth is naturally conflated with social warmth in early experiences
117
Social warmth
Having the other persons best interests at heart
118
Slater et al - newborns prefer attractive faces
Viewing attractive faces of the opposite sex naturally activates reward centres in the brain
119
Karremans - unattractive vs attractive
Men preforming a hard cognitive task in a psychology experiment did worse in the presence of an attractive women
120
The beauty premium
Physical attractiveness is a significant predictor of career advancement and promotions
121
Four horseman
Conscious: awareness, intentional, slow/serial, controllability
Unconscious: unaware, unintentional, fast/parallel, uncontrollable
122
New look argument
Individual differences in internal states produce differences in perception
