Quiz 3 Flashcards

Question

Shane Fredrick: The Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT)

Answer 1

Measures the tendency for someone to override a gut feeling

Answer 2

System 1 makes the errors and system 2 corrects them

Answer 3

If system 1 is error prone why did it evolve in the first place?

Answer 4

In domains of expertise and considerable past experience with feedback regarding being right or wrong. Always check intuitions for potential biases

Answer 5

Mental life is about what you do. It’s about your active goals

Answer 6

Active goals are the present states we are trying to maintain and the future states we are trying to attain

Answer 7

There is A separate, pre-conscious unconscious, full of destructive motive and drives

Answer 8

True self and the social self can be misaligned which can result in anxiety from having to be publicly a different person than you are in private.

Answer 9

Peoples implicit motivations can be influenced thus there is a distrust of self reported measures of motivations and goals. They looked at ways people implicitly express those motivations

Answer 10

Need for achievement (John Atkinson) Need for power (David winters) Need for affiliation

Answer 11

Many crucial functions of the self involve volition: making choices and decisions, taking responsibility, initiating and inhibiting behaviour , and making plans of action and carrying out those plans. The self exerts control over itself and the external world.

Answer 12

All self regulation is conscious and intentional

Answer 13

There is an immediate affect on cognition with mere exposure of something if it has been categorized See a carrot, think carrot, associate carrot with good. The more exposure to that the more automatic it becomes.

Answer 14

Goals become tied to their usual situations such as location. See the office, think office, associate with goal of making money. Context matters for the goal (present)

Answer 15

Priming investment banker identity lead to increased instances of cheating in the coin toss game. If their banker identity was not primed then they did not cheat. Didn’t need to be in the office to cheat, simply asking them what they did for work primed the identity.

Answer 16

Student taking a note to the library or the cafeteria has different behaviour depending on the location of where they were going. They were quieter in the hallway when going to the library because their library identity was primed.

Answer 17

Preconscious analysis of environment triggers higher mental processes and these executive processes develop the goal.

Answer 18

The environment influences the goal because the goal is triggered pre-consciously and that goal affects the executive process

Answer 19

Goals can be triggered by external stimuli in the absence of conscious intentions and will produce the same effects as when they are consciously chosen

Answer 20

Found that goals were influenced by external stimuli. Achievement goal priming resulted in better performance on the word search test and priming cooperation lead to more cooperation in the resource management experiment. Both unconsciously.

Answer 21

18 month olds helped more after priming subtle signs of interpersonal bonds

Answer 22

1) persistence 2) resumption 3) consequences for mood & motivational strength

Answer 23

Priming Goal pursuit will result in overcoming obstacles (perseverance) and resuming interrupted tasks

Answer 24

Goal selection —> goal pursuit —> completion of attempt —> self evaluation —> repeat

Answer 25

Post performance mood was more dramatically affected when the achievement goal is operating even unconsciously. Those that had achievement primed also viewed the task as easier or harder when the achievement goal was activated.

Answer 26

Goal activation and operation can be both conscious and unconscious Goal operation extends over time Unconsciously pursued goals produce the same outcome as conscious pursuit of the same goal and have the same motivational qualities of persistence, resumption, and self-evaluation apply.

Answer 27

Goal selection depends on the reward value. The reward value is dependant on the probability that the goal will be achieved times the value of the reward. Thus a person will not try hard for a very low expectancy of attaining the goal. They will also not try for a goal with little value

Answer 28

Participants given an activity and some sort of either positive or negative stimulus (incentive). Participants later preferred to engage in the activity associated with positive stimuli

Answer 29

Combining role of achievement and motivation demonstrated real results for performance like raising more money after being primed with a picture of someone winning a marathon.

Answer 30

Better customer service and problem solving skills after CEO weekly email contained achievement and high performance primes or desktop graphics primed friendly customer service agent.

Answer 31

Recipe fliers with healthy/diet primes reduce grocery store snack purchases for obese individuals and only obese individuals if they had the goal of losing weight.

Answer 32

1) goals become active independently of the ‘agentic self’ 2) goals can operate outside of conscious awareness & control, even increasing and decreasing in strength according to environmental feedback 3) unconscious goals produce the same outcomes in the same manner of consciously pursued goals

Answer 33

Autonomy is a feature of all goal pursuits whether they are conscious or not. The active goal pursues its ends, guiding selective attention, evaluating events and objects in terms of how good they are for the goal, not necessarily for the individual and stay active until completed and turning off when completed all on their own.

Answer 34

Motivations and goal programs are the crucial link between genetic influences from the deep past and adaptive behaviour in the present-day environment

Answer 35

1) achievement priming increased task performance 2) cooperation priming increased cooperation 3) primed goals produced the same outcomes as the same conscious goal 4) participants showed no sign of being aware of the unconscious goal even right after pursuing it

Answer 36

Individuals mood and goal strength is highly dependant on success or failure of the goal attempt

Answer 37

Ability to do multiple complex information processing tasks at the same time like driving a car with no memory of the last 20 kilometres. Fluency and unconscious thought theory

Answer 38

Cues to the blind eye help responses

Answer 39

Focus of conscious attention determines whether it is conscious or unconscious thought. Thinking about the car while focus is on the car is conscious thought. Thinking about the car while focus is directed elsewhere is unconscious thought

Answer 40

Given a difficult choice with a correct answer like picking a car or an apartment those that were given a distractor task, thus they were thinking about the decision unconsciously had more correct answers than those who consciously thought about the decision the whole time.

Answer 41

6 experiments showing that unconscious achievement and other motives operate using the same working memory structures and executive processes as in conscious goal pursuit.

Answer 42

Same region of the brain lights up when given subliminal reward cues or clear reward cues

Answer 43

1) goals turn off even if you want them to stay on 2) goals stay on when you do want them on 3) goals also stay on when you do not want them on

Answer 44

Goals cooperate with each other by taking turns When one goal is attained the goal turns off in order to allow another goal a chance at pursuit From a period after completion, then, even goals that are desirable all the to become inactive and inhibited. Made public statement against sexism then given task of hiring in a male dominated industry, those that made the public statement hired men disproportionately more. Which went against their initial statement

Answer 45

Participants were given the opportunity to disagree with bluntly sexist comments. This fulfilled their goal to be egalitarian and non-sexist. They were then more willing than a control group to recommend a man rather than a woman for a stereotypical male job.

Answer 46

Participants actively engaged in helping specific person with a picture identification task were more willing to give money to a charitable cause than did control participants. But, those no longer engaged with helping the participant were now less likely to donate to charity or help the honours student compared to the control condition.

Answer 47

When trying to remember something that you know you know, the answer often pops into your head later on while doing something else entirely, sometimes you’ve forgotten you ever wanted to remember it.

Answer 48

The main predictor of not getting back to sleep at night were negative, anxiety provoking thoughts about the near future. Namely Incomplete or unfulfilled important goals

Answer 49

Can’t stop thinking about something even if you really want to stop thinking about it. (Think the family guy with the tiny bones in the maracas thing)

Answer 50

Trying not to do something requires keeping in mind what you do not want to do, this keeps it accessible in your mind. Then when distracted or under attentional load, it is more likely than usual to be thought, said, done etc.

Answer 51

Job interview for a waiter or crime reporter. Told to evaluate the candidate for the job when there was many interruptions for the interviewer and the interrupter was either polite or very rude. After watching the tape, they were asked to share their opinion of the interrupter, if they were interviewing for crime reporter, they liked rude mike more, if they were interviewing for waiter they liked polite mike more. Kind of like situated identities

Answer 52

What is good for the goal may not be good for the individual in the long term, or reflect their long term values

Answer 53

1) once triggered, operates in service of that goal 2) effects on attention, evaluation, choices, behaviour 3) continue to operate until completed 4) turn off when completed

Answer 54

Perceived goals of others Common, naturally occurring contexts Situational power External reminders about one’s own goals Mere thought about significant others Threats and need states (homeostasis) Emotions

Answer 55

We get our goals from other people, from merely perceiving their goal directed behaviour. Or mearly thinking about important people in our lives (psychological presence) which activates the goals we usually pursue with them.

Answer 56

Participants either read about someone that needed money or not then were given a chance to earn money if they had enough time at the end of the experiment. Those primed with earning money were more likely to choose to do the final money earning task. Their goal strength was measured on how quick they clicked to get to the money making task. Money goal activated participants own need for money.

Answer 57

7 month olds saw experimenter preform a goal-directed (grabbed or reached for) or non-goal-directed (pointed at) action towards the toy. Infants preferred to play with the reached-for object than the pointed to object

Answer 58

Watching or reading about another person who engages in difficult self-regulation for extended periods of time reduces the observers own ability to self regulate afterwords. As if the other persons willpower causes you to simulate your own use of willpower which taps into the same limited willpower resource. Only get ego depletion when putting yourself in others shoes.

Answer 59

Backpack primes cooperative behaviour in the prisoners dilemma whereas a briefcase primes competitive behaviour

Answer 60

The mere perception of an odour directly guide actions. Participants subliminal exposed to the scent of all purpose cleaner and were given a crumbly biscuit to eat and were asked the 5 things they were gonna do for the rest of the day and the measured how many times the cleaned the crumbs up. Those that were primed with the cleaning scent said they would clean more that day and cleaned up the biscuit more.

Answer 61

The setting of a persons behaviour is by far the best predictor of what they will do there

Answer 62

Features of commonly experienced situations can also activate behavioural tendencies, and promote conformity to social norms

Answer 63

Priming influences voting behaviour based on the location. If voting in a church, you are more likely to vote in line with religious/church positions. If voting at a school, you’re more likely to vote for more educational support.

Answer 64

Power is the ability to get your important goals, thus, power will tend to become associated with a persons most important goals. Overtime those goals may become automatic

Answer 65

Their answer is yes. Giving people power makes them more self-centred and less concerned about others. They devalue those less powerful in terms of their ability and worth.

Answer 66

Power situations activates sex goals in sexual harassers and aggressors. Thus the power activates the goals the goals aren’t a result of the power. They already existed

Answer 67

Participants with high ASA scores rated the female as more attractive when primed with power. They needed the power to trigger their sex goal.

Answer 68

It depends on what your important interpersonal goals are. If the person is exchange oriented, they will use the power for selfish goals. If the person is communal oriented they will use the power for other oriented goals. Had people sit in a professor chair and have the other person show up late so person in the professor chair could choose who gets assigned what task. Also did a social responsibility quiz as well. Exchangers were more selfish than communal people.

Answer 69

Situational power reveals the persons most important goals

Answer 70

Merely trying to recall all of the 10 commandments caused participants to be more honest and more al afterwards, when given the opportunity to cheat

Answer 71

Our mental representations of close relationship partners (significant others) include the important goals we pursue when with them. Even thinking about that person activates the goals we have with them.

Answer 72

We are motivated to maintain normalcy and equilibrium. Ex: hunger makes you seek food, thirst make you seek water, cold makes you seek warmth Restore equilibrium in emotions and social relations When one has a negative emotion or social experience, one is motivated to improve mood and social relations

Answer 73

Social exclusion vs inclusion in the cyberball ball game, triggers the need for affiliation

Answer 74

Participants estimated the room temperature to be colder after a rejection experience and warmer after an inclusion experience

Answer 75

Greater preference for warm foods for lunch after a rejection compared to cold foods

Answer 76

You buy more at the supermarket when you’re hungry

Answer 77

You buy more over everything at Walmart and target when you are hungry. you also take more free stuff compared to non hungry people. Unless you eat a muffin or write out a list

Answer 78

When need states are inactive, the person does not feel the need very strong and anticipates no problem controlling it later. But when active the need overrides then plans to not use and intentions made when the need was inactive.

Answer 79

The active goal changes evaluations of people, objects, behaviours, and events, in terms of whether they facilitate or interfere with the goal.

Answer 80

Visceral influences such as hunger, thirst, sexual desire, physical pain etc produce a strong, usually negative subjective experience. They create a strong focus on the present and narrow concerns to the self only. Visceral factors often change the relative desirability of goods and actions, against one’s self interest

Answer 81

Instead of moral reasoning producing the emotion, the emotion is experienced immediately and intuitively, and causes the reasoning

Answer 82

Fear = withdraw, seek safety Anger = attack, change situation Disgust = reject, repulse, avoid

Answer 83

Compared two negative emotions: disgust and sadness. Disgust = behavioural tendency to expel current objects and resist taking in anything new (Rozin) Sadness = implicit goal to change one’s circumstances Disgust = accept less and offer less Sad = accept less and offer more (compulsive shopping)

Answer 84

Disgust = offered less and asked for less for a given item Sadness = offered more and accepted less

Answer 85

1) get our goals from others 2) project our own goals onto others 3) power activates own personal important goals 4) pursuer social goals like the need to belong unconsciously 5) often blind to our motivations

Answer 86

Belonging Control Safety Warmth Cooperation

Answer 87

There are actual physical health consequences of not belonging such as stress, illness, and shorter life span

Answer 88

Physical warmth is conflated with social warmth where social warmth is having the other persons best interests at heart

Answer 89

Warm cloth mother enabled a successful transition to adulthood for the primates whereas the wire mother did not

Answer 90

Most of our leisure time is spent meeting our deeper social needs to belong but we often do them alone like watching tv or reading a book. This means that we can fill our social needs without having to actually be around people by using tv, books, social media etc

Answer 91

Sharing an experience with someone we know makes the experience more intense and memorable.

Answer 92

Liked the chocolate more when you tried it with someone than when you tried it alone. Liked the bakers chocolate less. Experiences more intense when done in the presence of someone else, not just someone you know.

Answer 93

Feel compelled to over share personal stuff with a stranger because you’re never gonna see them again

Answer 94

People want others to see them as they see themselves and will take steps to ensure that others perceive them in ways that conform to stable self-views

Answer 95

People have a need to make internal changes of self-conception a social reality by sharing them with others

Answer 96

Infiltrated chat rooms of unsavoury people and convinced them to share their values that they had kept hidden from others with important people by gaining their trust. Chat rooms gave people with stigmatized values a space to actively participate in self-completion with people of like values. Sharing with others that weren’t in the chat room had bad consequences

Answer 97

Our own underlying motives are more accessible than other ones we don’t have, so then they are more likely to be perceived in others. See reflection of our own goals in social situations. The study with the pictures of social situations

Answer 98

Participants are primed to either be helpful or nosy, after that they perceive the other person as wither helpful or nosy. Works both ways: mental representations of certain behaviour becomes more accessible whether perceiving it in others or engaging in the behaviour yourself.

Answer 99

Different mentalities of “intuitive” politicians, persecutors, theologians, and scientists are triggered by different situations. This alters goals, values, behaviour and ways of handling evidence which leads to inconsistencies in court.

Answer 100

We are not away of our own motivations to evaluate evidence and reach certain desired conclusions and so we believe we are being objective: this means those who disagree with us are not being objective, and so must be motivated to hold their opinions.

Answer 101

We believe that we are being objective during a disagreement with others because we are not conscious of our own motivations operating thus if we think we’re objective and someone is disagreeing with us, they must be biased but we’re also actually biased.

Answer 102

75% of perpetrators genuinely did not realize that they were doing something wrong. They were not aware of their unconscious motivations and how it affected their behaviour

Answer 103

Having a baby makes you believe that the world itself has gotten more dangerous because you are responsible for the baby and more alert of potential dangers. You’re more likely to rate neighbourhood crime as increasing during child raising years when they have actually decreased over time.

Answer 104

We check out other people all the time but don’t think that anyone is looking at us. The mind gap: We believe that we think about others more than they think about us The liking gap: we believe that we like new acquaintances more than they like us

Answer 105

Attitude toward smoking for smokers was dependant on if they were in a nicotine need state or not. If they were in a need state, smoking was viewed positively, if they weren’t, smoking was viewed negatively. Thus, changing the motivational state changes the implicit attitude towards smoking

Answer 106

In app purchases for candy crush result in spending hundreds on a stupid game just to complete a level because the goal won’t turn off unless you finish it.

Answer 107

Goal facilitating stimuli are evaluated more positively but only while the goal is still active. Done using priming during a scrabble game, the positive evaluation only occurred when they were primed during the game not after

Answer 108

Automatic attitudes change as a function of the current goal state. If the goal is active, priming that goal makes things related to it be viewed more positively

Answer 109

Unconscious goal of attractiveness/mating resulted in the changing of evaluation of dangerous but attractiveness increasing diet pills and tanning booths. Was disliked before attractiveness goal was primed and became liked after it was triggered

Answer 110

Your unconscious attitudes towards hitler is positive if your job is to defend him. The attitude is driven by your goal and motivation and stays to attain that goal. Similarity, your unconscious attitudes towards an innocent person as a prosecutor is negative if your job is to prosecute him.

Answer 111

Seminary students either late or not to class, encounter a sick person clearly in need. Empathy values didn’t matter, what determined the likelihood of helping was whether or not the person was late.

Answer 112

Scrambled sentence tests primed goal for socialization. Afterwards friends with whom you primarily socialize come to mind more easily when listing ‘good friends’ on campus Study friends rated as closer friends than non-study friends when the achievement goal is primed

Answer 113

Greater satisfaction with the choice they made based on a gut feeling rather than thinking carefully about which one they liked best.

Answer 114

Good stimuli resulted in approach muscles to contract and pull the trigger towards you. Negative stimuli resulted in avoidance muscles to contract and push the trigger away

Answer 115

Makes things real. It gives our experience realism

Answer 116

Time travel: remembering the last and planning for the future. Time travel is a conscious process and only occurs because your unconscious deals with the present. Having goals are activated by current internal need states which is also unconscious

Answer 117

It keeps us safe in the present, and allows our conscious mind to time travel

Answer 118

Unconscious processes Evolved motives Goals and purposes guide attention allocation, evaluation, and behaviour

Answer 119

Attitudes/evaluations: approach and avoidance tendencies for stimuli you like or hate Social perception: action tendency’s such as mimicry and contagion Lhermittes syndrome: situational action and impulse is not controllable

Answer 120

Conscious processes enable a separation from reality such as imagination, time travel, simulation of the future. They are not constrained by reality. Unconscious effects are largely triggered by objects and events in the outside world — that is, the present reality.

Answer 121

Time travel: escaping reality and simulating the future Escaping the past, doing something different, overriding influences of the past

Answer 122

With enough time (500 ms) we can developed short term expectancies that override long term tendencies. For example, body and furniture automatically activate their category members. However, temporary contingencies such as a pattern will override the usual categorical assumptions with a long enough time frame. But under greater time pressure (250 ms) this does not occur. We default to our original biases

Answer 123

People have a lack of impulse control. Do whatever categorical thing they’ve been primed to do such as look at their own apartment as a museum or continue to drink water.

Answer 124

Consciousness not a source of behavioural impulses (more like a gate-keeper having veto power)

Answer 125

Impulses from right hemisphere, adaptive like understanding of the stimuli from the left hemisphere

Answer 126

Impulses come before conscious awareness of them (time and the observer)

Answer 127

Conscious agency (source of impulses) is an illusion produced by attributional deduction; no true conscious causation of impulses

Answer 128

The conscious mind can control impulses or behaviours suggested or driven by external events. Instead of taking short term pleasures, can forego them in favour of something with long term benefits

Answer 129

The motivation to share psychological states and the capacity to coordinate one’s behaviour with others are what differentiates us from all other animals

Answer 130

Life of the mind focuses on the subjective experience of consciousness, and of conscious life. Arendt notes that the original of bagels phenomenology of the mind was the science of the experience of consciousness and Socrates had something called the two-in-one of conscious thought

Answer 131

We talk to ourselves for the first 2.5-3 years of our life out loud then silently after. Internal conscious thought capabilities grew out of external talking and communicating with other people.

Answer 132

Early use of language: to communicate image with others, ask for help but also to listen and respond to others’ requests for help. Hearing oneself then would come activate one’s own response to a help request

Answer 133

Speech lead to consciousness. Hearing what you say to others shared the information across different modules and circuits of the brain.

Answer 134

Global workspace — to spread information across various modules and circuits in the brain

Answer 135

1. Escaping the present, remembering the past, planning for the future 2. Transforming the present for self regulation and emotional regulation 3. Communicating with others, getting along safely with others

Answer 136

Dolphins live in water but breath air so they need to go to the surface to get it. Unconscious processes are always running in the background but we rely on our consciousness to override it

Answer 137

Working together to solve problems and get important tasks and goals accomplished. Preconscious analysis determines conscious experience; current goals help determine Preconscious analysis (and further conscious experience)

Answer 138

Unconscious analyses and appraisals ‘locked in’ to the mind as they are the starting points (input) for later-evolved conscious processes. Note that trauma knocks out explicit memory (amnesia) but not the implicit unconscious operations.

Answer 139

1. Our understanding of the reasons for our choices and behaviour is a conscious construction necessarily based on features, events and factors of which we are consciously aware. 2. The influences of the past and the future, as they are not in our present view, are often under appreciated.

Answer 140

Stimulus presented to one eye while high contrast flashes presented to the other. The flashes suppress conscious awareness of the stimulus for a time. Participants report stimulus as soon as they can whether the stimulus is above or below a fixation point. That is the point in time the stimulus breaks into conscious awareness

Answer 141

Using this technique the prioritization of unconscious processes for conscious awareness. Following Todorov face processing research, faces higher in power and dominance broke into conscious awareness sooner than other faces

Answer 142

50 ms presentation of a series of words was too fast for participants to tell what the word was except for hungry participants when the word was food related

Answer 143

Unconscious calls for help to conscious processes when it can’t handle something on its own. Passive frame theory and unconscious thought theory

Answer 144

To resolve conflicts involving skeletal muscles Other conflicts resolved for us — those are not involving direct action and movement in the world Unconscious processes asking for help from conscious processes

Answer 145

Nagging thoughts at night keeping you up are a result of unfulfilled or pressing goals. The cure is to make concrete Ivan’s for what to do and write them down. This will turn off the nagging and make it an unconscious goal pursuit

Answer 146

Intrusive thoughts are not easily controlled or turned off. Unconscious processes asking for help from conscious processes, working on these problems whole we sleep, but can’t solve them

Answer 147

Having future tasks present breed intrusive thoughts even while attempting to clear your mind

Answer 148

Participants wrote about 2 I completed tasks they had to do then read a longish section of a mystery novel. Intrusive thoughts about the incomplete goal intruded into their awareness during reading of the novel. There was much less intrusion if they had formed a ‘when, where, and how, plan to accomplish that goal, before they started reading the novel.

Answer 149

Go to list as many sea creators as they could but first had to work on an anagram task. The upcoming goal of naming sea creatures was on their mind and decreased performance on the anagrams. But not if they made a plan on how to list sea creatures.

Answer 150

Goals continue to work in the background if they are important. Goals are worked on unconsciously

Answer 151

Considerable conscious goal pursuit. Unconscious goal pursuit intrudes into conscious thought. When the goal is reached come up with the solution

Answer 152

Using both where each is most effective produces in the best decisions. Conscious thought better for following clear rules Unconscious thought is better for integrating numerous features across multiple dimensions Most complex decisions involve following precise rules and also aggregating information. Periods of unconscious and conscious thought will give the best results

Answer 153

Telling participants the rule produces perfect performance from the start. This is exactly what language and sharing information gives us, gives our species an incredible advantage in accumulating knowledge and building on previous knowledge

Answer 154

Stimulated regions of the brain and ask participants to not try and stop the action. Brain stimulation overrode the conscious will to not do the action

Answer 155

Commands and information given to right brain hemisphere, influence responses and behaviour, without the person knowing why

Answer 156

On each trial, participants asked to move their finger whenever they wanted to but to keep track on a clock when they first had the intention to move the finger. Found that Readiness potential preceded the Potential reported time of intention by about 400 milliseconds. Thus conscious intentions did precede the finger movement but well after the brain events that cause the intention. Already had the intention and goal before the impulse

Answer 157

Same as Libet but with buttons and again the readiness potential preceded the potentials awareness of making the choice

Answer 158

We may experience conscious acts of will but they are not necessarily causal. Causality caused by 3 factors 1) priority — thought must precede action 2) consistency — thought must be consistent with observed action 3) exclusivity — thought should be the only observable cause of the action

Answer 159

Taking neuroscience courses reduces belief in free will compared to view at the start of the course. Also the more you study the less you believe in free will

Answer 160

We should not draw conclusions about the existence of free will because then people will not act morally or ethically

Answer 161

Disbelief in free will increases aggression and reduces helpfulness

Answer 162

Our lives are ruled by closer, warmer, human ambitions and perceptions not by the cosmos

Answer 163

Earth is not the centre of the universe. It’s not even the centre of our solar system

Answer 164

Humans are not special or have a privileged place in the cosmos. We were not created as we are today but evolved over time following the same laws as any other animal

Answer 165

We are not even in control of our own minds, an unconscious mind run the show instead

Answer 166

Not even that — separate unconscious. Our own minds don’t matter at all because we can’t study them therefore they must not be causal. They are epiphenominal

Answer 167

Not even our bodies in control it’s actually our genes. We’re just a meat machine trying to pass on our genes to the next generation.

Answer 168

Greeks had no concept of free will, their freedom was political and actional. Free thus meant the freedom from external control, influences and constraints Augustine argued that free will must exist because otherwise there will be no basis for gods judgement. Thus free will was the solution for evil

Answer 169

Not about free will. It’s about whether conscious thoughts are causal not whether those conscious thoughts are caused by anything else

Answer 170

Introspection discredited as an unreliable method, results did not replicate across different people thus scientific psychology should look at observable that can be verified. Therefore conscious is not scientific because it was not causal

Answer 171

The initial premise that there was no reliable method to study internal mental states became the maxim that internal mental states were not causal The debate within psychology for the last 100 years was about whether consciousness states were causal not about free will per se

Answer 172

Conscious thoughts are causal

Answer 173

Of course they do. Downward social comparison, planning, difficult choices, reappraisals, problem solving, etc Conscious mind can change the meaning of external events Repraisal Rationalization Emotional regulation

Answer 174

If unconscious cannot solve the problem, the unconscious will trigger consciousness to help solve the behavioural conflict. This is the best evidence that free will exists because

Answer 175

Subliminal messages increased drinking behaviour in already-thirsty participants (need state was activated)

Answer 176

Subliminal ads for particular brand of beverage increases choice of that beverage but only for thirsty participants

Answer 177

If the intention is not based on real need it has little chance of succeeding. If you intend to do something that you have a real need for, you pursue the goal unconsciously

Answer 178

Had a subliminal RATS message up that could only be seen if you watched frame by frame. Rats appeared on screen as Bureaucrats was flown in on screen

Answer 179

Subliminal effects only when consistent with existing need state More likely when person has low self co girl resources Goal contagion effects only when the goal is desirable (Aarts et al: casual sex by man who has a wife and baby at home)

Answer 180

Subliminal primes for risky behaviour in gambling game resulted in more risky bets for people that were primed for risky behaviour. Very dangerous for online betting games because it’s easy to display subliminal messages on a screen

Answer 181

We initially believe what we hear or see and only correct it afterwards if we have had time and an inclination that it might be false which takes conscious thought. Rapid speech cortex does not give us that time so there’s no opportunity to correct it. It’s also how biases form

Answer 182

Children and adults viewed 5 min comedy clip embedded with food ads or not. Had a bowl of goldfish in front of them. The people primed with the food ads ate more goldfish

Answer 183

Drinking ads viewed by teenagers only affected teens that had already drank (at least 1 drink a week)

Answer 184

Form of social engineering through framing of choices and subtle activation of goals to yield a desirable result

Answer 185

National park signs with 3 robbers instead of 1 resulted in more people stealing redwood because people thought that that was the social norm and rushed to get theirs

Answer 186

From past: distant human past, own early life, recent experiences From present: what you see is what you do, should I stay or should I go From future: be careful what you wish for, the unconscious never sleeps

Answer 187

Physical safety Disease avoidance Hunger Keeping warm

Answer 188

If you remind people about the flu virus Vaccinated individuals are less hostile toward immigrants than non-vaccinated individuals. Removing the threat satisfies your need for physical safety resulting in a more positive attitude

Answer 189

Predictions under time pressure vs unlimited time did not change their choices, it just made people more certain of their choice. Predicted senatorial and gubernatorial races

Answer 190

#1 influence on using less power was actually whether your neighbours are doing it too. This was rated as the least influential factor by participants. Highlights what you see is what you do

Answer 191

Manipulated the news feed of some users to be either more positive or more negative then measured the positivity/negativity if the users posts the following week. Found that the users mood changed based on the mood of their news feed

Answer 192

The length for which preschool children could resist taking the marshmallow or pretzel for longer predicted teenage pregnancy, divorce rate, addiction, income at 30, and whether or not they went to college. The key to resisting the temptation was to reframe the marshmallow or pretzel into something you don’t eat or change your environment by looking away.

Answer 193

Higher self control scores linked to better adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success

Answer 194

Those that had high self control scores were more likely than others to have developed a behaviour routine and habits that become unconscious. They also remove external cues for bad habits and add external cues for good habits to link desired behaviour to the place.

Answer 195

Most effective way to self regulate and accomplish goals Delegate control to a reliable environment Example: getting right into workout clothes as soon as you step in the door

Answer 196

When situation X occurs I will do Y. Greatly increases the likelihood of doing the hard thing you want to do. Specify, when, where, and under what circumstances you will do the thing you want to accomplish makes it easier to put a plan into action

Answer 197

Get going on goals early so they can be delegated to the unconscious Routinize goal pursuit to avoid procrastination and failure to pursue goals Think about what higher motives, purposes, and goals are being served by your achievement and performance goals and keep these priorities and higher purposes in mind as much as you can

Answer 198

1: awareness of potential bias (most important) 2: motivation to correct bias 3: ability to control for the effect (time, available processing capacity, no distractions)

Quiz 3 Flashcards

(222 cards)