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Immunology Midterm > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the immune system?

A

Chemicals, cells, and tissues mobilized to action in response to invasion by pathogens

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2
Q

What is the role of the immune system?

A

Defense against infection AND clearance of pathogens

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2
Q

Name 3 ways in which the immune system protects us

A

-physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes)
-innate immunity (nonspecific)
-adaptive immunity (highly specific)

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3
Q

Which types of infections are controlled and terminated by the innate immune response?

A

rapid response to pathogens that breach mucosal surfaces by cuts, abrasions, touching the eyes, nose, mouth

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3
Q

Vaccinations were based on the concept of….

A

exposure to a pathogen with little to no risk of infection in order to provide protection against disease

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4
Q

What are pathogens?

A

microorganisms that can cause disease

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5
Q

Name 4 types of microorganisms that can become pathogens

A

-bacteria
-viruses
-fungi
-parasites (worms)

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5
Q

Name 3 ways in which the body defends itself against pathogenic organisms

A

-physical barriers (keeps the microbes out)
-innate immune system (constant surveillance and rapid response)
-long-lasting, specific, adaptable response (adaptive immune system)

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6
Q

How is the innate immune system determined in a person?

A

GENETICALLY determined

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7
Q

Does the innate immune system provide a rapid or long lasting response to infection?

A

RAPID

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8
Q

Does the innate immune system provide a specific or non specific response to infection? explain

A

NON SPECIFIC. it attacks any type of invading agent

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9
Q

What are the 2 main activities of the innate immune system?

A
  1. Recognition
  2. Destruction
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10
Q

Is healthy skin normally inflamed?

A

no

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11
Q

Name the 3 steps of the innate immune response to infection

A
  1. Surface wound introduces bacteria. This activates resident effector cells (macrophages) to secrete cytokines
  2. Vasodilation occurs and also increased vascular permeability (makes the blood vessel “leakier”) both allow for fluid, protein, and inflammatory cells to leave the blood and enter the tissue
  3. Infected tissue becomes inflamed, causing heat, pain, redness, and swelling
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11
Q

Very briefly explain the basics of the adaptive immune system

A

long-lasting, specialized defense against a SPECIFIC pathogen. the same defense that is effective against one pathogen will not work against another

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12
Q

Explain what lymphocytes are and what they do

A

type of white blood cell in the adaptive immune response. They have billions of different receptors on their surface which recognize certain pathogens.

when a lymphocyte is able to recognize the pathogen, it will become activated and undergo differentiation and become an “effector cell” which will attack the pathogen

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13
Q

All immune cells are derived from….

A

hematopoietic stem cells

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14
Q

Which 3 lineages are derived from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells?

A

=Erythroid(RBC)
=Myeloid(WBC)
=Lymphoid(B&T cells)

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15
Q

When B cells differentiate they are called….

A

plasma cells

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16
Q

Antibodies are secreted by….

A

plasma cells

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17
Q

What are the 2 main mechanisms of antibodies?

A

Neutralization and opsonization

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18
Q

What is the antibody mechanism of neutralization?

A

the antibody binds to the pathogen and inhibits the growth, replication, or interaction with cells

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19
Q

Explain the antibody mechanism of opsonization

A

the antibody coats the entire surface of the pathogen which accelerates phagocytosis

20
Q

What are the primary parts of lymphoid tissue?

A

bone marrow and the thymus

21
Q

name the secondary parts of lymphoid tissue

A

-spleen
-adenoids
-tonsils
-appendix
-lymph nodes
-peyer’s patches
-mucosal surfaces

22
Q

Explain what a lymph node is and where it’s found

A

-full of lymphocytes
-found at the junctions of a network of lymphatic vessels

23
Q

What are lymphatics?

A

vessels that collect lymph from circulation

24
Q

Where do lymphocytes travel through?

A

blood and lymphatic vessels

25
Q

What is the primary function of the spleen?

A

to filter blood

26
Q

Where are red pulp and white pulp found?

A

the spleen

27
Q

What does red pulp do and where is it found?

A

monitors and removed red blood cells. found in the spleen

28
Q

What is the function of white pulp and where is it found?

A

similar in function to lymph nodes –spleen

29
Q

Natural killer cells are only present if a ____ is the pathogen

A

virus

30
Q

afferent lymph vessels bring….

A

UNFLITERED fluids from the body and into the lymph node where they are filtered

31
Q

efferent lymph vessels bring…

A

clean fluid away and back into the bloodstream where it helps to form plasma

32
Q

Unstimulated lymphocytes circulate between…

A

blood and lymph

33
Q

Explain the location of B and T cells

A

they are found within lymph nodes. they segregate into follicles

34
Q

the spleen is mostly made up of which type of pulp?

A

red pulp

35
Q

name the physical barriers that our body has to protect us

A

the skin and muscosal membranes (basically located at any opening of the body)

36
Q

What is the result of the innate immune response??

A

inflammation

37
Q

After an infection, how long is it until the innate immune system responds?

A

minutes

38
Q

What is the DURATION of the response of the innate immune system?

A

days

38
Q

When a pathogen overwhelms the innate immune system, __________ is induced

A

the adaptive immune response

39
Q

What is the purpose of dendritic cells?

A

take the pathogen and introduce it to T cells in lymph nodes

40
Q

What happens when dendritic cells carry the pathogen/antigen to the lymph nodes?

A

Specific T/B cell binds to the antigen and proliferates and gets amplified, This gives effector cells that can terminate the infection

41
Q

What is another name for a B cell or T cell?

A

lymphocyte

42
Q

Which 3 WBC’s have granules and what do these granules do?

A

neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil. They induce destruction of an infected cell

43
Q

What is the MAJOR killer of microorganisms?

A

neutrophil. commands are given by macrophages in the form of cytokines

44
Q

Antibody levels start rising how long after infection?

A

one week

45
Q
A
46
Q

a fully mature T cell is called..

A

an effector cell

47
Q

what is the term for the cell that matured into a macrophage?

A

monocyte

48
Q

what are the 2 most abundant leukocytes

A

neutrophils and lymphocytes

49
Q

which leukocytes fight parasites?

A

mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils

50
Q

what happens to the recirculation of the populations of lymphocytes in lymph nodes if infection occurs?

A

recirculation halts

Immunology Midterm (8 decks)

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