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Neuroscience 302 > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the advantages of light microscopy?

A

some specimen can already be pigmented and those that need stained can be stained dead or alive, inexpensive

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2
Q

what are some disadvantages of light microscopy?

A

there is limited resolution and magnification

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3
Q

how does light microscopy work?

A

light illuminates the specimen via glass lenses and any light not absorbed by the specimen is reflected back at the eye

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4
Q

what are the advantages of epifluorescence microscopy?

A

specimen can be dead or alive, 2D image, only moderately expensive

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5
Q

what are the disadvantages of epifluorescence microscopy?

A

limited resolution and magnification, autofluorescence, photobleaching, and phototoxicity in live specimens

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6
Q

how does epifluorescence microscopy work?

A

light of a specific wavelength excites the fluorophores present in the specimen and causes them to emit another, lower energy wavelength of light which is detected by the optic filter

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7
Q

what are the advantages of confocal fluorescence microscopy?

A

reduces scatter and creates a 3D reconstruction from z stack

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8
Q

what are the disadvantages of confocal fluorescence microscopy?

A

limited resolution and magnification, phototoxicity and photobleaching are worse

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9
Q

how does confocal fluorescence microscopy work?

A

light is focused through a pinhole to only excite the layer you want to see, images of each layer are then combined into a z stack

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10
Q

what is clarity?

A

the method in which the lipids within a sample are replaced with hydrogel to allow you to visualize a stained object of interest

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11
Q

what are the advantages of electron microscopy?

A

high resolution and magnification

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12
Q

what are the disadvantages of electron microscopy?

A

the specimen must be dead and stained with heavy metal atoms, limited to mostly structural targets, expensive and technically challenging

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13
Q

how does electron microscopy work?

A

heavy metal labels are used to stain specimen, electron beam is used to make atoms vibrate, the scatter of the electrons is detected by electromagnets and data is converted to a visible image

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14
Q

what is reticular theory?

A

the idea that everything is physically connected together

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15
Q

what are the advantages of golgi stain?

A

whole neuron is stained and spines can be visualized

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16
Q

what are the disadvantages of golgi stain?

A

clumpy, incompatible with electron microscopy

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17
Q

what are the advantages of golgi-cox stain?

A

less clumpy, gold impregnation is ok for electron microscopy

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18
Q

how does golgi stain work?

A

randomly labels 5-10% of neurons through silver salt impregnation

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19
Q

how does golgi-cox stain work?

A

mercury impregnation

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20
Q

what are the advantages of cresyl violet?

A

can be used to visualize laminae and see cytoarchitecture, can see dead/degenerating cells

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21
Q

what are disadvantages of cresyl violet?

A

is nonspecific, labels all cells

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22
Q

how does cresyl violet work?

A

RNA and ribosome-rich areas within the nucleus are labeled so the cell body can be seen

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23
Q

how do DAPI and Hoechst stains work?

A

nuclear stains that label helical DNA in the nucleus, excited by UV and emits blue light, FM is required to use it

24
Q

how does propidium iodine stain work?

A

nuclear stain that labels helical DNA but can only permeate cell if it is dead or disintegrating, UV light excites cells making dead cells appear red while live ones appear blue

25
Q

how does immunohistochemistry work?

A

primary antibody generated against a specific antigen/protein is used to bind to the protein you want to visualize, then a secondary antibody binds to the primary antibody to amplify the signal with a fluorophore

26
Q

what types of microscopy can be used to visualize immunohistochemistry?

A

light microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, electron microscopy, and autoradiography depending on the label on the secondary antibody

27
Q

what is immunohistochemistry used to detect?

A

cell phenotype, neuronal activation (fos), and plasticity (zif)

28
Q

what is in-situ hybridization?

A

when an RNA or DNA probe with a complementary nucleic acid sequence and a label that highlights the target sequence are bound to the target RNA sequence, any microscopy can be used to visualize

29
Q

what is RNAscope?

A

in-situ hybridization with sensitivity and amplification, RNA/DNA probe is bound to a preamplifier which is bound to an amplifier which is bound to a fluorescent or enzyme probe to amplify label, light and electron microscopy can be used to visualize

30
Q

what are the two transgenic approaches to visualize cell populations/connections?

A

constitutive and inducible

31
Q

what is the constitutive approach to visualizing cell populations?

A

when you insert one or more sequence for fluorescent proteins into the genome of an animal, offspring can have multiple transgenes after crossing different types of transgenic animals

32
Q

what are the advantages of the constitutive approach?

A

animals can pass on genes inserted into genome and can then autofluoresce

33
Q

what is the inducible approach to visualizing cell populations/connections?

A

can use a virus (or bacterial artificial chromosome) to infect specific cell populations and introduce a sequence for fluorescent proteins into the cytoplasm

34
Q

what are the advantages/disadvantages of the inducible approach?

A

can target specific cell populations or pathways, but is not heritable

35
Q

what is the law of coverage?

A

the idea that cells of the same type tend to be distributed at uniform distances from one another

36
Q

what are the three sources of neuronal diversity?

A

somatic mosaicism, epigenetic mechanisms, and environmental factors

37
Q

what is somatic mosaicism?

A

when either errors occur during DNA replication or DNA rearrangement occurs via transposons leading to two genetically different populations of cells

38
Q

what are epigenetic mechanisms that regulate neuronal diversity?

A

developmental/heritable changes in gene expression that regulate the rate certain genes are expressed

39
Q

what are environmental factors that regulate neuronal diversity?

A

nutrients available during development, mutagen/toxin exposure

40
Q

what are the structural and functional manifestations of neuronal diversity?

A

enzymes, structural proteins, membrane constituents (ion channels), and secretory products (release different neurotransmitters)

41
Q

what are the types of cerebellar neurons?

A

purkinje, granule, golgi, basket, and stellate cells

42
Q

what are purkinje cells?

A

inhibitory projections neurons that are highly branched for the integration of many signals, only output cell in cerebellum

43
Q

what are granule cells?

A

excitatory cells with branched axons that release glutamate and excite purkinje cells

44
Q

what are golgi cells?

A

large inhibitory interneurons with highly branched axons across the cortex, can inhibit granule cells through feedback inhibition

45
Q

what are basket and stellate cells?

A

small inhibitory gabaergic interneurons that can inhibit purkinje cells

46
Q

what are the types of cortical neurons?

A

pyramidal, interneurons, basket, and chandelier cells

47
Q

what are pyramidal cells?

A

abundant excitatory long branching neurons that integrate many signals and send information long distances

48
Q

what are interneurons?

A

inhibitory gabaergic neurons in the cortex

49
Q

what are basket cells?

A

inhibitory neurons that innervate pyramidal proximal dendrites

50
Q

what are chandelier cells?

A

fast-spiking PV+ interneurons that innervate pyramidal cells at the axon hillock allowing them to inhibit an action potential

51
Q

what are the two most prevalent neuropeptides released by gabaergic interneurons?

A

parvalbumin and somatostatin

52
Q

how can you identify light microscopy images?

A

white background, stained

53
Q

how can you identify fluorescence microscopy images?

A

black background, fluorescent, multiple layers, low resolution

54
Q

how can you identify confocal microscopy?

A

z stack, black background

55
Q

how can you identify electron micrpscopy?

A

SEM: 3D, colorful, outside of cell
TEM: 2D, organelles inside cell

Neuroscience 302 (18 decks)

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