Quiz #1 Flashcards
Chapters 1-4 (132 cards)
1
Q
What are the 4 D’s?
A
- Deviance
- Distress
- Dysfunction
- Danger
2
Q
Deviance
A
Behaviors, thought, and emotions difference from those that are considered normal in our place/time
Consider: norms and culture…
3
Q
Distress
A
Negative feelings (sadness, fear, anger, hopeless, etc.)
Distress can look different for everyone
4
Q
Dysfunction
A
A person’s daily functioning is inhibited, causes person to be upset/distracted/confused, not able to care for self properly/participate socially & work productively
5
Q
Danger
A
Consistently careless, hostile, or confused
Places those around them or themselves at risk
6
Q
Nurse Practitioners and Physician Assistants
A
NP, PA degree
80k average a year
NPs can give meds/diagnose, PA’s are like drs but have to be observed
6
Q
Psychiatrists
A
MD, DO degree
220k average a year
Went to med school, give out medications, also medicate those who are hospitalized, see clients the least
7
Q
Psychologists
A
PhD, PsyD, EdD (11 yrs to get PhD)
79k average a year
research and teach, primarily test and diagnose
8
Q
Licensed Clinical Social Workers
A
LCSW (MSW)
49k average a year
assess/diagnose and treat mental health issues by providing counseling
9
Q
Licensed Mental Health Counselors
A
LMHC (MSC)
49k average a year
Can bill insurance
10
Q
Case managers
A
Bachelor’s
30k average a year
See clients most
11
Q
Coaches
A
Can be anyone, no education required
12
Q
5 different ways to explain abnormality
A
- Biological - brain, nervous systems
- Psychodynamic - Freud, talk therapy
- Cognitive-behavioral - think –> causes us to behave
- Humanistic-existential - examine & help the person directly
- Socio-Cultural - environment –> how does it impact you?
13
Q
Biological
A
-Biological/medical
-Considers illness to be brought about by malfunctioning parts of organism
-Points to problems in brain anatomy/brain chem.
-Genetics-mental illness passed down by fam members
14
Q
Systems involved with biological
A
Central Nervous System (Brain/spine)
Endocrine system: release or hormones into blood stream (adrenal glands, thyroid gland, pancreas, pituitary gland)
Effect of neurotransmitters
15
Q
Old brain
A
Stronger than new
Includes brainstem, cerebellum, limbic system
INSTINCTS TO SURVIVE, NO LOGIC
Drug/alc. addiction: brain thinks dealth will happen w/o these, causes addiction
16
Q
Mid brain
A
Corpus Callosum connects left and right cerebral hemispheres
*communicates back and forth b/w the 2 hemispheres
If not functioning properly, can cause issues w/ mood regulation and other issues resulting in mental health issues
17
Q
New brain
A
Cerebral cortex (frontal lobe)
LOGIC
18
Q
Neuron
A
LOOK AT SLIDESHOW NOTES
19
Q
The fear circuit
A
Fear is important b/c of fight or flight and if you need food/water, fear helps you realize you need to protect yourself
Produces fear reactions- includes structures such as the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, insula, amygdala
Can go through hyperdrive, needs to be calmed down (causes anxiety)
20
Q
Acetylcholine (ACh)
A
Enables muscle action, learning, and memory
-With Alzheimer’s disease –> ACh-producing neurons deteriorate
21
Q
Dopamine
A
Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion
-Excess dopamine receptor activity linked to schizophrenia
-Starved of dopamine, brain produces tremors and decreased mobility of Parkinson’s disease (too much = schizophrenia, too little = Parkinson’s)
22
Q
Serotonin
A
Affects mood, hunger, sleep, arousal
-Undersupply = depression
-Prozac and other antidepressants raise serotonin levels (stops re-uptake when these meds are used)
23
Q
Noepinephrine
A
Helps control alertness and arousal
-Undersupply can depress mood
-Connects to ADHD and anxiety
24
GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid)
A major inhibitory neurotransmitter
-undersupply = seizures, tremors, insomnia
-Increase to help w/ anxiety
-Obsessively think (anxiety)
25
Glutamate
A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory
-Oversupply can overstimulate brain, producing migraines or seizures (why some people avoid MSG in food)
26
Four major drug groups used in therapy
Anti-anxiety drugs (minor tranquilizers): xanax, valium
Anti-depressant drugs (SSRI's & SSNRI's)- can still take if preg.
Anti-bipolar drugs (mood stabilizers)
Anti-psychotic drugs
27
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Side effect: lose memory for 6 wks
-Electrocute brain to jumpstart neurons, used to get a bad rap but is better now
-Very successful - used mainly for depression
28
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
Magnets over brain - reset neurons
Not as successful as ECT
Side effect: headache
29
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)
Helps fight depression
When nerve is stimulated, use electrodes to stimulate the nerve
Not used much
30
Deep brain stimulation
Electrodes in mood control center in brain - not used much
31
Psychosurgery (neurosurgery)
Brain surgery for mental disorders
-Lobotomy
-Used now only for seizure disorders
-Psychiatrists don't scan brain
32
Psychoanalysis theory
Developed by Freud, paved way for psychologists to practice psychotherapy
-Proposed behavior is determined by underlying unconscious (not awake), dynamic, psychological forces
-Abnormal symptoms are the results of conflict among these forces
33
Id
pleasure principle
instinctual needs/wants
34
Ego
reality principle
rational thinking - realistic, balance, middle-ground
35
Superego
Morality principle
moral standards (the right thing to do)
36
Defense mechanism
psychological processes that help people cope with anxiety, distress, or internal conflict
37
Repression
Pretend it's not there
How does it work?
-Person avoids anxiety by simply not allowing painful or dangerous thoughts to become conscious
38
Denial
Deny, refuse to acknowledge
How does it work?
-Person simply refuses to acknowledge the existence of an eternal source of anxiety
39
Projection
Blame others somewhat, project anger on to others
How does it work?
-Person attributes his or her own unacceptable impulses, motives, or desires to other individuals
40
Rationalization
Create a socially acceptable reason
-Person creates a socially acceptable reason for an action that actually reflects unacceptable motives
41
Displacement
Boxing, sports
Take it out thru safe substitute
-Person displaces hostility away from a dangerous object and onto a safer substitute
42
Intellectualization
"Better off how they are"
Person represses emotional reactions in favor of overly logical response to a problem
43
Regression
Act like a child and not handle situation, how anxiety may be handled
-Person retreats from an upsetting conflict to an early developmental stage in which no one is expected to behave maturely or responsibly
44
Free association
random talking/saying whatever comes to mind
45
**Therapist interpretation**
Resistance (defense mechanisms), transference (seeing counselor as someone they should not), dream interpretation (architypes)
Catharsis: releasing repressed emotions
Working through: acceptance of a situation
46
Neurons
a nerve cell
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Glia
support cells
48
Dendrites
antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron
49
Axon
long fiber extending from the neuron's body
50
Synapse
tiny space b/w the nerve ending of 1 neuron and the dendrite of another
51
Neurotransmitter
a chemical released by 1 neuron that crosses the synaptic space to be received at receptors on the dendrites of neighboring neurons
52
Receptor
a site on a neuron that receives a neurotransmitter
53
Hormones
chemicals released by endocrine glands into the bloodstream to help control activities and responses to stress
54
Brain circuit
network of particular brain structures that work together, triggering each other into action to produce a distinct kind of behavioral, cognitive or emotional reaction
55
2 main factors causing neurotransmitters or brain circuits to function differently:
genetics and evolution
56
Psychodynamic
belief that a person's behavior, whether normal or abnormal, is determined largely by underlying psychological forces of which the individual isn't consciously aware
57
Catharsis
re-living past repressed feelings in order to settle internal conflicts and overcome problems
58
What is Psychological Abnormality?
Abnormal functioning is generally considered to be deviant, distressful, dysfunctional, and dangerous. Behavior must also be considered in the context in which it occurs, however, and the concept of abnormality depends on the norms/values of the society in question.
59
What is treatment?
Therapy is a systemic process for helping people overcome their psychological difficulties. It typically requires a patient, a therapist, and a series of therapeutic contacts.
60
How was abnormality viewed/treated in the past?
-Prehistoric societies viewed abnormal behavior as the work of evil spirits
-Some believed it was caused by an imbalance of the 4 bodily fluids or humors
61
Elusive Nature of Abnormality
Refers to the difficulty in clearly defining what constitutes abnormal behavior. Varys greatly depending on cultural norms, individual experiences, and the context of a situation, making it challenging to define something as "abnormal"; NO SINGLE UNIVERSAL STANDARD FOR WHAT IS CONSIDERED ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
62
Behavior dimension (from cognitive-behavioral model)
Only wants to change behavior (ex. quitting smoking)
Focuses on HOW to change our behaviors
63
Cognitive dimension (from cognitive-behavioral model)
Tries to understand WHY
Focuses on maladaptive thinking (unhealthy and negative thinking) processes and effect on behaviors
-Inaccurate/disturbing assumptions and attitudes
-Illogical thinking (making yourself believe something; some people believe they have to be perfect to be loved)
-Help people recognize, challenge, and change problematic thinking (unhealthy thoughts lead to unhealthy behaviors)
64
Behavior treatment options (cognitive-behavioral model)
-Classical conditioning (think Pavlov's dogs)
-Modeling (Bobo doll experiment)
-Operant conditioning (punishments, neg and pos, and rewards)
65
Cognitive treatment options
Beck's Cognitive Model:
1. Activation event (importance of interpretation)
2. Behavior (how behavior is interpreted leads to #3)
3. Consequence (different ways to interpret)
Change how you think about the activating event... Change consequence
66
Humanist view (humanistic-existential model)
Looks at individuals as humans, not test subjects
-Emphasis on people as friendly, cooperative, and constructive ... believe all people are good
-Focus on self-actualization through honest recognition of strengths and weaknesses - just sit, discuss, recognize that their feelings are valid and there is often no confrontation
67
Existentialist view - be responsible for actions
-Emphasis on accurate self-awareness and meaningful life (authentic)
-Total freedom can result in negative or positive behaviors/outcomes (ex. not going to class)
-Psychological dysfunction is caused by self-deception (includes freedom & responsibility, always have choices and responsibility over actions)
68
Humanistic-existential model treatment options: Carl Roger's Client-Centered Therapy
-Unconditional positive regard (even if you disagree, can't just or tell them they're wrong; have to be open)
-Accurate empathy-feel same emotions
-Genuineness- real, kind
-Create growth-promoting environment
69
Humanistic-existential model treatment options: Gestalt therapy
-Goal is to guide clients toward self-recognition through challenge and frustration (people needs to figure out what's wrong)
Techniques:
-Skillful frustration - confronting
-Role playing - beneficial, practice assertiveness, used a lot w/ kids
-Rules, including "here and now" (past and future obsessive) and "I" language - takes accountability
70
Humanistic-existential model treatment options: Existential therapy
-Clients are encouraged to accept responsibility for their lives and their problems - you have choices
-Relationship b/w therapist and client includes shared learning and growth (therapist is growing & changing w/ client)
71
Sociocultural model: societal influence
-Looks at social and cultural forces that influence an individual - environment controls you
-Address norms and roles in society
Includes 2 major perspectives:
1. Family-social perspective
2. Multicultural perspective
72
Sociocultural model Treatment options: Family structure and communication
-Family systems theory
-Enmeshed: disengaged structures,(feel parents not involved/don't care) codependency negative effect
What fam does, impacts rest of fam - can we change their behavior? Up to other adults/fam members to change system
73
Sociocultural model Treatment options: Perspective helped spur growth of several treatment approaches
-Group therapy - all have similar issues helps realize you're not alone, learn well from others
-Family therapy
-Couple (marital) therapy - difficult, want therapist to save their marriage
-Community treatment - talking to community to try to make it better (ex. offering counseling to Trine if something happens)
74
Multicultural perspective - How culturally affected are you by environment?
-All behavior and treatment are understood in the context of culture, cultural values, and external pressures
-How prejudice & discrimination may impact abnormal functioning
75
Assessment
1st appointment usually involves asking a lot of questions
Collection of relevant information to reach a conclusion
76
Clinical Assessment
Information used to determine whether, how, and why a person is behaving abnormally and how that person may be helped
**Main focus is to gather idiographic (individual) info. about clients and also gather info. about their fam & friends
77
Clinical Interviews
Face-to-face, important to ask open-ended questions, basic background data is gathered w/ specific theoretical focus
78
Mental status exam
Interpret if the client is present & knows what's going on (ex. dementia patients often time get the date very wrong)
79
Clinical tests
Have to feel qualified to give clinical tests
-Used to gather info. about psychological functioning
-Projective tests require client interpretation of vague/ambiguous stimuli or open-ended instruction (very subjective/not used often)
80
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Interpret/describe image then your answers are analyzed and then you're diagnosed (not best form of test)
81
Rorschach test
Inkblot presented to client, open to interpretation and clinicians analyze how client responds
82
Sentence-completion test
The responses are used to gather info. about the person (ex. I wish... or My father...)
83
Personality inventories
Designed to measure broad personality characteristics (introverted, extroverted)
Focuses on behaviors, beliefs, feelings
Based on self-reported responses usually
Most used: Minnesota Multi-phasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
84
Self-reported responses
Client is given a paper, answers the questions on them
People may not be very honest and can over or under exaggerate, may be some sort of denial
85
Minnesota Multi-phasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Scores range 0-120
Above 70 = deviant (means there's an issue)
10 clinical scales
86
MMPI Lie scale
Repeats ?s over, if you get high ligh scale, test is then inaccurate and shows you're lying
87
Response inventories
Typically based on self-reported responses (for ADHD, anxiety, Conners ADHD test)
One specific area of functioning, social skills inventories, cognitive inventories
88
Psychophysiological tests
Measures physiological response as an indication of psychological problems
-Includes heart rate, blood pressure, body temp, galvanic skin response (sweating), and muscle contraction
Polygraph- lie detector
Biofeedback
89
Neuro-imaging and Neuropsychological tests
Neurological tests directly assess brain function by looking at brain structure/activity
(Ex. EEG, PET scans, CT/CAT scans, MRI, fMRI)
Ex. Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test
90
MRI scans show...
Brain tissue, ligaments, tendons, overall structure through strong magnetic fields
91
CAT scans show...
X-rays that show cross sectionals,, soft tissue
92
PET scans show...
Uses radioactive tracer to create 3D images, show brain activity/how brain is working
93
Intelligence tests
Indirectly measure intellectual ability, series of tests assess verbal/non-verbal skills, general score is an intelligence quotient (IQ), represents ratio of a person's "mental" age to their "chronological age
**Children below certain abilities --> IEP
94
Naturalistic observations
Occur in everyday environments; clinician goes to field and watches client in their natural environment
95
Self-monitoring
Monitor what you're doing personally, people observe themselves and carefully record certain behaviors, feelings, or cognitions
Holds you accountable
Useful in assessing infrequent or overly frequent behaviors
96
Classification systems
Using all available info, clinicians attempt to paint a "clinical picture" and make diagnosis
Determines that a person's psychological problems constitute a particular disorder
Based on an existing classification system
97
DSM-5
Most often used in U.S.
Lists of categories, disorders, and symptom descriptions, w/ guidelines for assignment
Focuses on clusters of symptoms (syndromes)
Used to diagnose people by seeing where symptoms lie
98
DSM-5 requires: 1. Categorical info.
name of the category (disorder) indicated by the client's symptoms (actual name/category)
99
DSM-5 requires: 2. Dimensional information
rating of how severe a client's symptoms are and how dysfunctional the client is across various dimensions of personality (this is a scale)
100
Categorical info. example
Anxiety disorders: Generalized anxiety disorder; social anxiety disorder; panic disorder; separation anxiety disorder
101
Dimensional info. example
Assessment of current client disorder severity: mild, moderate, severe
Rating scales for each disorder
**Can change severity level
102
Does diagnosis and labeling cause harm?
Misdiagnosis (happens often) and reliance on clinical judgment are concerns
Labeling may be a stigma and lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy
103
Treatment decisions
Start w/ assessment info. and diagnostic decisions to determine a treatment plan (goal is to lesson symptoms)
Current research
Focus on supported evidence-based treatment
Goals: 1. concrete 2. specific
104
Anxiety disorders are...
the most common mental disorders in the U.S.
an umbrella term
105
Fear
Central nervous system's physiological and emotional response to a serious threat to one's well-being (heart races, sweat, tense, queasy, tremble.. symptoms depend on intensity & length)
Goes away
106
Anxiety
Central nervous system's physiological and emotional response to a vague sense of threat/danger
Always present, lasts for a while
107
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Marked by persistent and excessive feelings of anxiety and worry about numerous events/activities (no idea why feeling that way)
Worry about anything" free-floating and unanchored
Have to feel like this for at least 6 months, causes additional side effects b/c it's always present
108
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Must experience disproportionate, uncontrollable, ongoing anxiety/worry about multiple matters
Results from hyperactive fear circuit
109
Separation Anxiety disorder
afraid to leave someone b/c of fear; can't function w/o certain person
Most common among young children
Can develop in adults
Controversial as an anxiety disorder
110
Drug therapy
Early 1950s: barbiturates (sedative-hypnotics that didn't last long)
Late 1950s: Benzodiazepines (sedative, highly addictive, downers)
Recently: Anti-depressant and antipsychotic meds (most don't prescribe benzos, so use SSRIs instead, pairing anti-dep. w/ mood stablilizer is very effective)
111
How phobias are different from fear
More intense, persistent fear
Greater desire to avoid feared object or situation
Create distress that interferes w/ functioning
112
Phobias
Persistent/unreasonable fears of particular objects, activities, or situations
Avoidance of the objects or thoughts about it
113
Categories of phobias
Specific phobias
Agoraphobia
114
Specific phobias
Marked, persistent, disproportionate fear of particular object or situation, takes usually at least 6 months
Exposure to object produces immediate fear
Avoidance of the feared situation
Sig. distress/impairment
115
Panic attacks
Makes people feel like they're going to die, which accelerates the panic attack
Periodic short bouts of panic that occur suddenly, reach a peak within mins, gradually pass
Many symptoms that are important to recognize
116
Techniques to help w/ panic attacks
3-7-8 breathing 3-4 times
Grounding
Sour candy/spray
Splash or submerge face in cold water - resets CNS
117
Checklist for panic disorder
If have multiple panic attacks, then it becomes a disorder
Unforeseen panic attacks that occur repeatedly
At least a month of continual concern about having more attacks
At least a month of dysfunction behavioral changes w/ the attacks
118
Why does Panic Disorder occur?
Amygdala may be firing when it shouldn't due to it being sensitive
Lack of serotonin in the brain - increasing levels of serotonin levels out attacks
Senses are overloaded and causes body signals to overload - see a lot of attacks in kids w/ ASD
CNS if triggered quickly produces panic attack
119
Obsessions
Thoughts
Persistent thoughts, ideas, impulses or images that seem to invade a person's consciousness (can follow thoughts - can obsess over it or try to combat thoughts, which is easier while medicated)
120
Features of OCD
Thoughts that feel both intrusive/foreign
Attempts to ignore or resist them trigger anxiety
Both of the above can cause panic attacks
121
Basic themes of obsessions
-Dirt/contamination
-Violence and aggression
-Orderliness
-Religion
-Sexuality
122
Compulsions
= behaviors
Repetitive/rigid behaviors or mental acts that people feel they must perform to prevent/reduce anxiety (people w/ OCD constantly obsess and constantly check to see if things are locked, closed, off)
Behaviors often turn into rituals
Feels mandatory/unstoppable
123
Compulsion themes:
cleaning
checking
order/balance
touching, verbalizing, and/or counting
Compulsions sometimes control obsessions
124
Checklist for OCD
Occurrence of repeated obsessions, compulsions, or both
Obsessions/compulsions take up lots of time
Classified as an anxiety disorder b/c obsessions cause anxiety, compulsions aimed at preventing/reducing anxiety
Strong biological foundation: need SSRIs (relapse if meds are stopped)
125
OCD related disorders
Hoarding disorder
Trichotillomania (hair-pulling)
Excoriation (skin-picking) disorder
Body dysmorphic disorder
126
Sources of Biological Abnormalities
Genetics, Evolution, Infection
127
Exposure treatment (for phobias)
treatment where people are exposed to the objects or situations they dread
128
Systematic desensitization (for phobias)
An exposure treatment that uses relaxation training and a fear hierarchy to help clients with phobias react calmly to the objects or situations they dread
129
Flooding (for phobias)
exposure treatment that exposes clients repeatedly and intensively to a feared object and made to see that it is actually harmless.
130
Social anxiety: Many people are uncomfortable
when interacting with others or talking or performing in front of others.
131
Panic disorder: Sometimes an anxiety reaction
takes the form of a smothering, nightmarish panic in which people lose control of their behavior and, in fact, are practically unaware of what they are doing. Anyone can react w/ panic when a real threat is present, some people though experience panic attacks.
