Quiz 1

Question 1

Cell

Answer 1

Basic building block of organisms

Question 2

What are the two categories of cells?

Answer 2

1. Prokaryotic cells
2. Eukaryotic cells

Question 3

Describe prokaryotic cells

Answer 3

• Unicellular
• Lack membrane-bound organelles

Question 4

Describe eukaryotic cells

Answer 4

• Membrane-bound nucleus
• Complex structure
• Compartmentalized organelles (e.g., mitochondria, ER)

Question 5

Phenotype

Answer 5

Organism’s observable characteristics

Question 6

In 1866, Heckel proposed the Three Kingdoms of Life. What are they?

Answer 6

1. Plants
2. Animals
3. Protists

Question 7

What is the average cell size of prokaryotes?

Answer 7

~0.4-3 micrometers (diameter)

Question 8

List the components of prokaryotes.

Answer 8

• plasma membrane
• cell wall
• capsule
• nucleoid
• plasmids

Question 9

What is the cell wall in prokaryotes made up of?

Answer 9

Peptidoglycan (polymer of amino acids and sugars)

Question 10

What is the structure and function of capsules in prokaryotes?

Answer 10

polysaccharide layer that promotes cell adhesion to surfaces

Question 11

What is the defining characteristic of eukaryotes?

Answer 11

Compartmentalization

Question 12

Nuclear pores

Answer 12

control transport of molecules in and out of nucleus

Question 13

What do peroxisomes do? Give an example.

Answer 13

Convert toxic byproducts into harmless molecules (e.g., hydrogen peroxide -> water)

Question 14

Central dogma of biology

Answer 14

Information encoded in DNA is transferred to RNA

RNA directs synthesis of proteins

Question 15

Describe the process of transcription.

Answer 15

DNA is used as a template to synthesize messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 16

In mRNA, _____ is replaced with _____.

Answer 16

Thymine; uracil

Question 17

Cyanobacteria

Answer 17

group of bacteria capable of photosynthesis

Question 18

Cyanobacteria possess what two components?

Answer 18

Carboxysomes and thylakoids

Question 19

What is the function of cyanobacteria?

Answer 19

Carry out photosynthesis

Question 20

What is the theory of endosymbiosis?

Answer 20

eukaryotic cells originated from a primitive prokaryotic cell

Question 21

According to the theory of endosymbiosis, the cell membrane invaginated and punched, giving rise to which organelle?

Answer 21

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 22

How did the Golgi apparatus form?

Answer 22

Endoplasmic reticulum budded off vesicular clusters that fused together

Question 23

What event in theory of endosymbiosis led to the evolution of mitochondria?

Answer 23

Ancestral cell engulfed an aerobic prokaryote
* Escaped digestion
* Enabled host cell to use oxygen and generate energy
* Evolved into mitochondria

Question 24

What symbiont in theory of endosymbiosis led to the evolution of chloroplasts in certain cells?

Answer 24

Cyanobacteria

Question 25

Surface area

Answer 25

increases six times length squared (6 x l^2)

Question 26

Explain the relationship between surface area and volume

Answer 26

Surface area - increases six times length squared (6 x l^2) Volume - increases faster (length cubed (l^3))

Question 27

As cell size increase, the surface area-to-volume ratio _________.

Answer 27

Decreases

Question 28

As cell size ________, the surface area-to-volume ratio decreases.

Answer 28

Increases

Question 29

A ______ surface area-to-volume ratio is better for transporting materials quickly in and out of cell

Answer 29

Large

Question 30

All living organisms are constructed from _____.

Answer 30

Cells

Question 31

Cell theory

Answer 31

1. All organisms are composed of cells 2. Cells are the smallest living things 3. Cells arise only from pre-existing cells

Question 32

Why are most cells small?

Answer 32

Reliance on diffusion of substances in and out of cells

Question 33

What is rate of diffusion affected by?

Answer 33

1. Surface area available 2. Temperature 3. Concentration gradient 4. Distance

Question 34

As a cell’s size increases, its _____ increases much more rapidly than its _______.

Answer 34

Volume; surface area

Question 35

What is an example of how larger cells overcome limitations?

Answer 35

E.g., neurons; long, skinny with numerous branches

Question 36

Explain the history of the cell.

Answer 36

- 1665: Robert Hooke used a simple microscope to look at cork - Named little rooms he observed “cells” - Subsequent early studies of cells were conducted by: —> Matthias Schleiden (1838) —> Theodor Schwann (1839)

Question 37

The cell theory was proposed by who?

Answer 37

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

Question 38

Nucleoid

Answer 38

region where DNA is freely bundled

Question 39

What is one difference between animal and plant cells?

Answer 39

Plants cells contain chloroplasts

Question 40

What are the three domains of life and their characteristics?

Answer 40

1. Bacteria * Unicellular * Lack membrane-bound nucleus 2. Archaea * Unicellular * Unique evolutionary history 3. Eukaryotes: * Unicellular and multicellular * Membrane-bound nucleus * Includes: 1. Fungi 2. Plants 3. Animals

Question 41

How do lysosomes contribute to the compartmentalization of eukaryotic cells?

Answer 41

segregate digestive enzymes that function at a very low pH from cytosol

Question 42

How does mitochondria contribute to compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 42

acidic environment of the two membranes help produce energy in form of ATP

Question 43

mRNA

Answer 43

type of RNA that represents a copy of DNA coding strand

Question 44

Explain what happens during translation.

Answer 44

- Codons bind to anticodons located on tRNA

Question 45

Codon

Answer 45

group of three nucleotides

Question 46

What is an anticodon and where are is located?

Answer 46

Complementary sequence to a codon. Located on tRNA