Quiz 1

Question 1

What is human development?

Answer 1

Refers to changes in physical,
psychological, and social behavior
as experienced by individuals across
the lifespan

Question 2

What is cross-cultural human development?

Answer 2

Refers to similarities and differences in
developmental processes and outcomes
as expressed by behavior in individuals
and groups

Question 3

What is ethnocentrism?

Answer 3

refers to the tendency to evaluate individuals/groups from different cultures according to the standards of one’s own culture

Question 4

What is the belief that the behaviors,
norms, customs and values of one’s
own culture are normal and correct,
whereas those of other cultures
are abnormal and incorrect?

Answer 4

ethnocentrism

Question 5

What is a cultural trait?

Answer 5

-the smallest unit of a culture

-a single object, action, or belief

Question 6

The following are examples of what?

A wedding ring

A handshake (bow/kiss on cheek)

Belief that washing one’s hands
helps prevent the spread of germs

Saying “cheers”

Answer 6

Cultural traits

Question 7

What is a cultural complex?

Answer 7

A set of interrelated traits

Question 8

The following are an example of what?

All people eat, and many cultural traits surround this action:
- Praying before eating
-Drinking wine
-Using a bowl or plate

Answer 8

a cultural complex

Question 9

What is explicit culture?

Answer 9

refers to the observable behaviors, rituals, symbols, and artifacts that reflect man-made components of the environment

Question 10

The following are examples of what?

Fashion
clothes, jewellery, hairstyle, makeup, etc.

Food
type of food, drink, cooking style, spices

Answer 10

explicit culture

Question 11

The following are examples of what?

Art
music, theater, dance, painting, sculpture, etc.

Language
verbal and non-verbal, e.g., gestures, etc.

Answer 11

explicit culture

Question 12

What is implicit culture?

Answer 12

refers to the underlying values and tacit behavioral norms used as guides regarding appropriate/inappropriate behavior

Question 13

The following are examples of what?

Values
ideas about what is good/desirable
(e.g., equality, achievement, tradition)

Beliefs
ideas about what is true
(e.g., women less rational than men; women more nurturing than men)

Answer 13

implicit culture

Question 14

The following are examples of what?

Norms
ideas about expected behavior for everyone
(e.g., speak/silent, clothing in context)

Roles
ideas about correct behavior in specific positions
(e.g., men provide, parents make rules)

Answer 14

implicit culture

Question 15

What are the four main parts/examples of implicit culture?

Answer 15

values
beliefs
norms
roles

Question 16

How are cultural values acquired by societies?

Answer 16

Enculturation and Acculturation

Question 17

What is enculturation?

Answer 17

Refers to the process of learning one’s own culture through observation, experience, or informed learning/instruction.

Question 18

What are the two ways that enculturation happens? What are some examples?

Answer 18

Can occur through formal and informal processes

e.g., When children observe behavior of parents, teachers, peers, or authority figures

Question 19

What is acculturation?

Answer 19

refers to the process of taking on, adapting, or emulating the values, beliefs, language, customs, and mannerisms of a foreign culture

Question 20

What are the following examples of?

An American immigrant to Spain develops a preference for Spanish food

A person moves to France and greets others with a kiss on the cheek vs. handshake

Answer 20

Acculturation

Question 21

Do newborns have culture?

What is socialization the result of?

Answer 21

Newborns have no culture. We learn and internalize it.

Socialization is the outcome of enculturation & acculturation.

Question 22

What is the acculturation continuum?

Answer 22

Unacculturated (retention of values and beliefs from one’s own culture)&raquo_space;>

Bilingual/Bicultural&raquo_space;>

Acculturated (adoption of mainstream society’s values and beliefs)

Question 23

After contact, the minority culture may interact with the dominant culture in what four ways?

Answer 23

Assimilated

Separated

Integrated

Marginalized

Question 24

What does it mean to be assimilated?

Answer 24

A way in which a minority culture interacts with the dominant culture after contact in which they do not maintain their cultural identity and take on the dominant culture

Question 25

What does it mean to be separated?

Answer 25

A way in which a minority culture interacts with the dominant culture after contact in which they segregate from the dominant culture as an ethnic enclave

Question 26

What does it mean to be integrated?

Answer 26

A way in which a minority culture interacts with the dominant culture after contact in which they maintain some degree of cultural integrity but also want to be part of the dominant culture (as a minority group within the dominant culture) -- feel comfortable in both cultures

Question 27

What does it mean to be marginalized?

Answer 27

A way in which a minority culture interacts with the dominant culture after contact in which they are unacceptable to the dominant culture (not integrated - either by choice or forced into that position - tend to be uncertain about their place in society)

Question 28

Members of any minority group often experience acculturation in which of the four main ways?

Answer 28

often sequentially experience several of the four relationships within the dominant culture with which they are in contact (assimilation, separation, integration, marginalization)

Question 29

What is cross-cultural psychology?

Answer 29

The comparative study of cultural effects on human psychology

Question 30

What are the three main types of cross-cultural psychology?

Answer 30

Cognitive Behavioural Analytical

Question 31

What does cognitive psychology examine?

Answer 31

Examines psychological diversity and the links between cultural norms and behavior

Question 32

What does behavioural psychology examine?

Answer 32

Examines how particular human activities are influenced by social/cultural forces

Question 33

What does analytical psychology examine?

Answer 33

Primarily uses comparative method to test psychological concepts, hypotheses, etc.

Question 34

What are the four main goals of cross-cultural research?

Answer 34

Generalizability of theories Investigating cultural differences Integrating research Application of research

Question 35

What do the goals of generalizability of theories and investigating cultural differences entail?

Answer 35

Generalizability - to what extent do psychological theories in various domains predict the same processes and outcomes across cultures Investigating cultural differences - Why do differences exist between cultures, and what are the boundary conditions and psychological processes?

Question 36

What do the goals of integrating research and application of research entail?

Answer 36

Integrating - Generating new theories capable of predicting and explaining cultural variations in behavior, thinking, etc. Application - Promoting increased recognition, understanding, sensitivity to cultural differences to improve quality of interactions

Question 37

Why study cross-cultural psychology?

Answer 37

Empirical evidence regarding the role of culture: -Culture powerfully influences people´s attitudes, behaviors, preferences, assumptions about life, worldviews, etc. -Culture guides behavior (norms, expectations, etc.)

Question 38

What are the two main questions that cultural psychologists want to answer?

Answer 38

How does culture affect patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving? Which aspects of behavior are universal, regardless of gender, race, ethnicity, class, or lifestyle, and which are culture-specific?

Question 39

What are the two types of cultural psychologists?

Answer 39

Universalists Relativists

Question 40

What are universalists? What do they do and believe?

Answer 40

Cross-cultural: test differences between samples drawn from relevant ethnic groups. -Analyze the generalizability of psychological theories -Believe that cultures CAN be compared

Question 41

What are relativists? What do they do and believe?

Answer 41

Cultural: often study what occurs within a single cultural group. Believe that psychological processes are culture bound. -Reject comparisons across cultures -Believe all cultures are unique and need to be understood on their own terms