Quiz 3 - Super & Harkness and Vygotsky

Question 1

What is Super & Harkness’ theory called?

Answer 1

Developmental Niche Theory

Question 2

The concept of developmental niche is borrowed from what?

Answer 2

biological ecology

Question 3

What does niche refer to?

Answer 3

the combined features (physical and social elements) of a habitat/environment

Question 4

According to Developmental Niche Theory, utility is based on the ability to provide integrative framework linking what three things?

Answer 4

culture, socialization, ecology

Question 5

What are the areas of research within the Developmental Niche Theory?

Answer 5

Ethnotheories (parents cultural beliefs about nature of children, processes of development, meaning of behavior)

Intervention programs
Cognitive/motor, language dev.
Emotional expression
Sleep and arousal
Health and literacy

Question 6

What are the three primary goals of the Developmental Niche Theory?

Answer 6

Adopt perspective of child to evaluate, interpret, and understand everyday life

Integrate various elements in the child’s culturally
structured environment

Integrate endogenous (internal) aspects of individual
development that can alter the specifics of
individual-environmental interactions

Question 7

In Developmental Niche Theory, the child is surrounded by what three components?

Answer 7

Physical & social SETTINGS of daily life

CUSTOMS of childcare and childrearing

CARETAKER PSYCHOLOGY (caregiver/parenting)

Question 8

According to Developmental Niche Theory, what is the following is an example of?

a child/adolescent may have a physical or cognitive disability that places constraints on
the type of, or features of, the environment with which he/she is able to interact

Answer 8

child-environment interaction

Question 9

In Developmental Niche Theory, the child is surrounded by three components – what surrounds these components?

Answer 9

The Larger Human Ecology (Macro Environment - Cultural and Physical Systems)

Question 10

What is at the center of developmental niche?

Answer 10

the child

Question 11

According to Developmental Niche Theory, each component interacts ____________________ with elements in the child’s ________________ context.

Answer 11

independently

cultural

Question 12

According to Developmental Niche Theory, components are ________________ and interact but not always in a _________________ system.

Answer 12

dynamic

coordinated system (external influences and limited resources)

Question 13

According to Developmental Niche Theory, how can the framework be applied to adult development?

Answer 13

by expanding the “psychology of caregivers” to include that of others affecting the adult

Question 14

According to Developmental Niche Theory, what are some examples of the physical and social settings component?

Answer 14

Extended family
Household
Play with peers
Household work
Secluded places

Question 15

According to Developmental Niche Theory, what are some examples of the childcare customs component?

Answer 15

Providing
Supervising
Social gatekeeping
Reminding
Sending to school

Question 16

According to Developmental Niche Theory, what are some examples of the caretaker psychology (caregivers’ beliefs) component?

Answer 16

Obedience/Respectfulness
Cleanliness
Maturation
“Path”
“Bright/dark future”
Brain-mind (“broken”)

Question 17

According to Developmental Niche Theory, what is included in the micro-environment?

Answer 17

Child
Gender
Age

Question 18

According to Developmental Niche Theory, what are some examples of the macro-environment (the larger human ecology)?

Answer 18

Poverty
Agriculture-based economy
Free/compulsory primary education

Question 19

What is Vygotsky’s theory called?

Answer 19

Sociocultural Theory of Development

Question 20

According to Sociocultural Theory of Development, learning is a _____________ process, hence the theory is referred to as a _______________ _________________.

Answer 20

social

social construct

Question 21

According to Sociocultural Theory of Development, _________________, particularly ____________________, play a major role in learning

Answer 21

language

self-talk

Question 22

Sociocultural Theory of Development gained popularity during what period? What was it an alternative to?

Answer 22

1980/90s

alternative to Piaget’s “cognitive development theory”

Question 23

What are the three major components of Sociocultural Theory of Development?

Answer 23

Social interaction (role of culture, language use, self-talk, inner-speech)

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

More Knowledgeable Other (MKO), use of scaffolding

Question 24

According to Sociocultural Theory of Development, is development continuous or does it occur in stages?

How does cognitive development occur?

Answer 24

continuous

occurs through social interactions over time

Question 25

According to Sociocultural Theory of Development, development is primarily driven by what three things? What plays a key role in child development?

Answer 25

language, social context, adult guidance parents, teachers, peers, community

Question 26

According to Sociocultural Theory of Development, what role do adults have?

Answer 26

transmit society’s values and skills to the next generation of children

Question 27

According to Sociocultural Theory of Development, development is the result of interaction between what factors? What is a key feature of development?

Answer 27

cultural/historical matching child's demands with requirements of his/her culture

Question 28

What is the zone of proximal development?

Answer 28

Distance between what child can achieve independently vs. potential if given help Tasks just out of reach of our current ability

Question 29

According to the zone of proximal development, tasks that are too simple do what? Tasks that are too complex?

Answer 29

Tasks that are too simple/within current abilities do not promote learning (too boring) Tasks that are too complex do not promote learning (too difficult/frustrating)

Question 30

The zone of proximal development includes what elements?

Answer 30

Knowledgeable others Technology and tools

Question 31

What is the following an example of? 1. Can learn simple addition/subtraction on his/her own 2. Can learn multiplication/division with the help of a MKO 3. Cannot learn algebra/calculus because cognitive development and skills required are not yet developed

Answer 31

zone of proximal development

Question 32

What are the two roles of the MKO (More Knowledgeable Other)?

Answer 32

MKO conveys to children how their culture interprets & responds to the world Facilitates learning by attaching meaning to objects, events, and experiences

Question 33

The ZPD is different for each _______. Children develop at different ____________ and differ in their ability for what? MKO can help the child reach max potential via ________________ reinforced _____________ interaction.

Answer 33

task rates -- ability to benefit via MKO language reinforced social interaction

Question 34

How does ZPD use cognitive modelling?

Answer 34

MKO verbally explains mental thought process while solving problems so learner can hear chain of reasoning and internalize MKO’s cognitive tools

Question 35

What are the steps of cognitive modelling in ZPD?

Answer 35

1. Teacher demonstrates how to solve problem, observes if child can imitate demonstration 2. Teacher begins solving problem then asks child to complete the process 3. Teacher asks child to cooperate with more developed child to solve problem through collaborative learning

Question 36

What is scaffolding? What is effective scaffolding?

Answer 36

Scaffolding is assistance that allows learners (child) to complete tasks they are unable to complete on their own Effective scaffolding is responsive to a child’s needs

Question 37

What are the four ways that teachers provide scaffolding?

Answer 37

Breaking content into manageable pieces Modelling skills Provide opportunities to practice new info Provide examples with prompts