Quiz 1 Flashcards
(87 cards)
1
Q
MAP=
A
COxTPR
2
Q
Heart is connected to the lungs in series or in parallel?
How is the heart connected to everything else?
A
- series
- Parallel
3
Q
Draw out the Cardiovascular system
A
4
Q
What is normal CO
A
5L/minute
5
Q
Where are resistance vessels?
A
Small arteries before capillaries
6
Q
What are 2 main functions of resistance vessels?
A
- The provide a site to regulate blood pressure
- The protect blood capillaries from high pressure
7
Q
Is pressure low in veins or arteries
A
veins
8
Q
Most of blood volume is in veins or arteries?
A
veins
9
Q
Blood pressure is highest in?
A
Aorta
10
Q
True or false: When the heart stops beating, blood pressure becomes equal in the arteries and veins at ~ 9 mm Hg
–Where does this pressure arise from?
A
False: When the heart stops beating, blood pressure becomes equal in the arteries and veins at ~7 mmHg
–pressure exerted by the volume of blood in the vascular system
11
Q
What is the “normal” blood pressure,
What is the new recommended blood pressure
A
120/80
115/75
12
Q
Organ flow is regulated by
A
Changes in local resistance
13
Q
What substance do tissues use to regulate blood
A
local vasodilators
14
Q
What is considered high blood pressure?
A
140/90
15
Q
What two factors influence blood pressure
A
- Body Weight
- Height of head above heart
16
Q
The primary purpose of the cardiovascular system is to…
A
Provide blood flow to the tissues
17
Q
CO is regulated by what
A
By autonomic nervous system
18
Q
what is TPR regulated by (2 things)
A
autonomic nervous system and local tissue factors
19
Q
MAP is regulated ______; blood flow is regulated _______
A
systematically
locally
20
Q
Flow =
A
(Partery-Pvein)/R1
21
Q
P wave
- what’s happening in AP
- What’s happening in the body
A
Atrial Depolarization
Atrial contraction
22
Q
PR Interval
- what’s happening in AP
- What’s happening in the body
A
Initial Atrial Depol to Initial depol of Ventricles
-conduction time from atria to ventricle
23
Q
PR Segment
A
AV node conduction
24
Q
QRS
- what’s happening in AP
- What’s happening in the body
A
Ventricular Depol
Ventricular Contraction
25
T wave
Depolarization of ventricles
26
QT interval
Initial ventricular depol to last ventricular repol
Time for ventricualr contraction and relaxation
27
ST inverval
plateau of ventricular action potential
28
What are intra and extra cellular concentrations of K+
145 mM inside,
4mM outside
29
What are intra/extra cellular concentrations of Na+ inside/outside the heart
Inside- 5mM
Outside- 140 mM
30
What are intra/extra cellular concentrations of Ca2+ inside/outside the heart
Inside --10-7 mM
Outside-- 2 mM
31
Sodium Potassium Pump, Pumps how many Na out/k in?
3 Na out
2 Na in
32
Na/Ca pump how many Ca out/ how many Na in
1 Ca out, 3 Na in
33
T/F Na/K pump uses ATP
T
34
T/F Na/Ca uses ATP
F, passively follows [] gradient
35
What causes rapid depolarization/ 0 phase of action potential in fast type AP
Na moving into the cell
36
What causes plateau/ phase 2 of action potential in fast type AP ?
Ca coming into cell/ K going out
37
What causes repolarization/ phase 3 of action potential in fast type AP ?
Decrease in Ca entry and increase in K extrusion
38
What triggers depolarization in fast type AP
Rapid voltage gated sodium channels that open and close in a way that they can't be excited for a long time period
39
T/F If you poison NA/K ATPase the cell can still be excited many times
T
40
What does the Goldman-Katz equation calculate?
Membrane Potential that takes into acount differences in [] and permeability
41
The current that leads to slow type depolarization comes from where?
Funny sodium channel
42
Repolarization/Plateau (phase 2) in slow type AP comes from where
Calcium current
43
Phase 3 in slow type / repolarization...comes from where?
K current
44
Absolute refractory period
no stimulus can excite
45
effective refractory period
no conducted stimulus can excite
46
relative refractory period
a large stimulus can excite
47
supranormal recovery period
a less than normal stimulus excites
48
ARP caused by
inactivation of Na channels
49
RRP caused by
opening of voltage gated potassium channels
50
ERP caused by
some Na channels are open, but not enought current for potential to be conducted
51
Heart rate is increased/decreased by sympathetic
Heart rate is increased/decreated by parasympathetic
- increased
- decreased
52
How does sympathetic stimulation increase heart rate?
Speeds up rate of phase 4 depolarization via norepinephrine release that increases inward Na and Ca current
53
How does parasympathetic stimuation decrease heart rate?
Acetylcholine increases K+ permeability so:
1) hyperpolarizes the cell
2) slows spontaneous phase 4 depol
54
6 process that cause dropsey
1. heart disease
2. lung disease
3. kidney disease
4. liver diesease
5. starvation
6. Blood vessel disease
55
Draw/Name blood flow through the heart
56
sum of all blood moved to the arteries is called
cardiac output
57
sum of all blood coming from veins back to heart is called
venous return
58
1. The normal heart moves blood into the arteries (CO) at a rate sufficient to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
2. The normal heart accepts blood from the veins (VR) at a rate sufficient to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
1. supply the needs of the body
2. prevent the venous system from overfilling
59
What is [Ca] in ECM?
\>1 mM
60
What is [Ca] in cytosol of myocytes?
\<1 micromolar
61
heart \_\_\_\_ when Ca enters the cytosol from extracelluar space and intracellular stores via ____ \_\_\_\_\_\_ down ~1000 fold gradient
Ca
passive diffusion
62
The heart ____ when calcium is removed form the cytosol via ____ \_\_\_\_\_
relaxes
active transport
63
Inward currents are genterated by Ca influx through
voltage-gated channels
64
What are the two calcium cycles?
Extra and Intra Cellular
65
What does the sarcotubular network do?
pumps Ca out of cytosol into SR
66
What do subsarcolemmal cisternae do
release Ca into cytosol
67
What are the two structures of the SR?
sacrotubular network and subsarcolemma cisternae
68
Label
69
What are t-tubules/ transverse-tubules
plasma membrane extensions that are filled with Ca and that can rapidly propagate action potentials into cell interior
70
What is a dyad and what does it do
structure formed by membranes of the t-tubules and subsarcolemmal cisternae of hte SR
Meidate the ability of an action potential to trigger the release of activator calcium from teh sarcotubular network
71
Which protein allows Ca to enter cytosol from ECF?
L-type Ca channel
72
Which two proteins allow Ca to leave cytosol into ECF
plasma membrane Ca pump
Na/Ca exchanger
73
Which protein/stuructuer allows Ca to entery cytoosol from SR?
SR Ca Release Channel
74
Which portein/structuer allows Ca to leave cytosol into SR
SR Ca Pump
75
What are 3 functions of Chemial signals from Ca that enters cell from L-type Ca Channel
1. some plays a part in contraction (provides around 1/3 of activator Ca)
2. Some activates intracellular Ca release channels
3. some is retained in the SR where it augments Ca release in later contractions
76
What is function of electrical signals from Ca that enters cell from L-type Ca Channel
inward depolarizing current
77
Does Plasma Membrane Ca Pump Provide active/passive transport
active--going up [Ca] gradient
78
What powerms PMCA
ATP hydrolysis
79
NCX is active/passive
active
80
Where does energy come from for NCX
energy provided by Na moving down gradient
81
for NCX how many Na/Ca in/out
What kind of current is created
3Na in, 1 Ca out
inward depolarizing
82
Na/K Pump
1. active/passive
2. if active/ where does energy come from
3. What's being moved
4. What kind of current is created
5. is current significant?
1. active
2. ATP
3. 3 Na out for 2 K in
4. outward, repolarizing/hyperpolarizing
5. Not significant, small and relatively unchanging through out Cardiac cycle
83
Troponin C
1. What does it do
2. What kind of protein is it?
1. Ca receptor of contractile protein/ initiates contraction
2. EF hand protein
84
SERCA/ Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca Pump
1. What does it do
2. Active/Passive
3. If Active where does energy come from
1. pumps Ca into SR
2. active
3. atp hydrolysis
85
What does phospholamban do? Mediates what
1. regulates SERCA
2. mediates action of sympathetic nervous system
86
1. dephosphorylated Phospholamban does what to relaxation, resting tension, contractility
2. phosphorylated Phospholamban does what to relaxation, resting tension, contractility
1. slows relaxation, increases resting tension, decreases contractility
2. accelerates relaxation, decreases resting tension, and increases contractility
87
Is phospholamban activiated when dephosphorylated/phosporylated state
phosphorylated
