Quiz 2 Flashcards
(86 cards)
1
Q
Local control of flow by resistance vessels requires
A
constant perfusion pressure (MAP)
2
Q
What are 3 keysites of MAP regulation
A
heartresistance vesselsblood volume
3
Q
What are the two ways that the heart is regulated intrinsically? –which one is more significant
A
- preload–starling’s law2. homeometric–treppe –starlings
4
Q
sympathetic stimulation (increase/decrease) heart rate and (Increase/decrease) contractility and thus (Increase/decrease) stroke volume and output
A
increase
5
Q
Parasympathetic (increase/decrease) HR and CO
A
decrease
6
Q
atropine blocks para/sympathetic?
A
parasympathetic
7
Q
propanolol block para/sympathetic
A
sympathetic
8
Q
muscarinic is receptor for
A
acetylcholine
9
Q
b adrenergic is receptor for
A
norepinephrine
10
Q
adrenal medulla releases
A
epi and norepi
11
Q
adrenal medulla is part of sympathetic/parasymp
A
symp
12
Q
norepi and epi do what to heart rate and contractility
A
increase
13
Q
Why do athletes have slower heart rate
A
increased vagal tone and slower intrinsic SA firing rate
14
Q
t/f adrenal cortex is under control of the sympathetic nervous system
A
f
15
Q
adrenal cortex releases what 2 things
A
corticosteroids and aldosterone
16
Q
thyroid hormone does what to heart rate and contractility
A
increase
17
Q
What is proportionality of resistance to radius
A
R~ 1/r^4
18
Q
What are 3 ways that resistance is intrinsically controlled?
A
- Basal tone/tension2. Myogenic response/ Bayliss3. local metabolites
19
Q
increased/decreased adenosine leads to vasodilation
A
increased
20
Q
increased/decreased PO2 leads to vasodilation
A
decreased
21
Q
increased/decreased pH leads to vasodilation
A
decreased
22
Q
increased/decreased CO2 leads to vasodilation
A
increased
23
Q
increased/decreased K+ leads to vasodilation
A
increased
24
Q
autoregulation is a combo of what two things
A
vasodilators/ myogenic response
25
washout of vasodilators causes contraction/dilation
contraction
26
sympathetic innervation and alpha adrenergic receptors that cause ________ are on VSM are present where?
all vascular beds except placenta
27
does the parasympathetic innervation play a large role in regulation of MAP
no
28
parasympathetic vasoconstriction/vasodilation
vasodilation
29
does sympathetic play a large role in MAP reg
yes
30
sympathetic vasoconstriction/vasodilation
vasoconstriction
31
There is a resting sympathetic/parasympathetic tone?
sympathetic tone
32
What contributes to basal tone of VSM?
myogenic and sympathetic
33
withdrawal of sympathetic tone results in what two things
vasodilation and decreased TPR
34
norepi constrict/dilate
constrict
35
epi dilate/constrict
low doses dilate
36
Vasopressin dilate/constrict
vasoconstrict
37
Angiotensin II dilate/constrict
vasoconstrict
38
Histamine dilate/constrict
vasodilate
39
Bradykinin dilate/constrict
vasodilate
40
prostaglandin is an endothelial mediator dilate/constrict
DILATE
41
EDRF (endothelial derived relaxing factor) dilate/constrict
dilate/constrict
42
endothelin is an endothelial mediator dilate/constrict
constrict
43
Which sensor is the high perssure senor
cartoid sinus
44
Do pressor centers have ionotropic and chronotropic effects?
ionotropic and chornotropic effects are not tonically active
45
What kind of output does pressor center have?
tonic sympathetic vasoconstrictor output to resistance vessel VSM
46
Depressor cetner acts mainly by...
inhibiting pressor center
47
Depressor centers have important direct and tonically active vagal effects on what?
heart rate
48
Depressor centers have some direct _______ effectes e.g. ____ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to muscle
vasodilation
49
pressor center does what to TPR, heart reate, and contractility
increase
50
CO = ____ \* \_\_\_\_\_\_
HR\*SV
51
How does cartoid sinus transduce blood pressure?
stretch of in the wall of the sinus transduces blood pressure into a nerve signal that is carried via the sinus nerve to the brainstem pressor and depressor centers
52
T/F for sinus nerve there is activity present at normal blood pressure?
T
53
For sinus nerve, as blood pressure increases does nerve activity increase or decrease
as blood pressure decreases does nerve activity increase or decrease
increase
decrease
54
If MAP goes up, carotid sunus nerve will excite which center?
depressor which will inhibit pressor
55
Where in circulatory system is cross-sectioal area the greatest
capillaries,
56
dP for flow from aorta to onset of capillary is
dP for flow from end of capillary to right atrium is
100-30= 70 mmHg
15-5= 10 mmHg
57
compliace =
dV/dP
58
veins have more ____ at lower \_\_\_\_\_
volume
pressures
59
what is more compliant veins or arteries
veins
60
how can you change the compliance of veins?
sympathetic activity
61
What is the relationship between vascular smooth muscles in veins and basal tone?
--what about relationship with local vasodilators?
low basal tone
local vasodilators have no effect
62
What happens to blood volume when sympathetic stimulation affects compliance of veins?
compliance= dV/dP.....volume in veins goes down, pressure goes up, so blood volume shifts towards heart and increases preload
63
what is the difference in overall effect of sympathetic stimulation of venous circuit versus arterial circuit?
in venous, volume is shifted
in arterial, resisitance is increased
64
CVP can tell you what two important things about the right heart
filling pressure and preload
65
What are four mechanisms that aid venous return
1. valves in veins
2. muscle contraction
3. Respiration
4. heart can provide a suction b/c end disastolic pressure is low
66
What 3 things are determinants of CVP?
1. Central Venous Volume
2. Venomotor Tone: amt of sympathetic nerve activity to large veins
3. capillary pressure
67
What are two determinants of right atrial pressure
1. right atrial volume
2. right atrial compliance
68
How do you regulate blood pressure for the long term
blood volume
69
what 3 things regulate blood volume
1. heart
2. brain
3. kidneys
70
what kind of cells release renin
juxtaglomerular
71
what prompts the release of renin?
1. renal sympathetic nerve stimulation
2. decreased renal blood pressure
3. decreased Na in macula densa
72
What happens when renin is released
2. Steps
1. Angiotensiongen that is released form liver is converted to Angiotensin 1
2. ACE in the lung converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II
73
What are 3 effects of Angiotensin II
1. Angiotensin II is a strong vasoconstrictor --MAP increasex
2. Angiotensin II promotes release of Aldosterone release from Adrenal Cortex--salt and water are retained and BV goes up
3. . Angio II promotes release of ADH from hypothalamus --water retained and drinking is promoted
74
If right heart is pumping poorly, what happens to the atrial pressure
increases
75
Where are the volume receptors?
right atrium
76
what happens to heart rate when right atrial detects increaes in right atrial volume?
increaes
77
what 4 things happen when heart senses high atrial volume
1. decrease renal sympathetic activity which decreases renin release
2. decreases ADH release
3. increaes heart rate
4 increases atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) release
78
What is ANF, what does it do
Atrial Natriuretic Factor
produced by atrial muscle cells---increaes urine and salt secretion
79
low pressure receptor is synonymous with
volume receptor
80
What are the four different transcapillary transport processes
1. Diffusion
2. Carrier medated ie glucose
3. pinocytosis
4. ultrafiltration through small pores
81
equation for net fluid movement
k[(Pc+oncotic interstital)-(Pi + onctoic capillary)]
out - in
82
what ususally stays constant in balance of forces in and forces out in Fick Principle
Forces in usually stay constant
83
What is ascites
Edema in GI
84
How is the calculation for Oxygen Consumption?
VO2= CO \*( Arterial blood O2 content- Venous blood O2 content)
85
increase in contractility does what to efficiency of contraciton
decrease
86
