Quiz 1

Question 1

Rhema

Answer 1

an utterance

Question 2

Rhesis

Answer 2

A speech

Question 3

Arts of the logos

Answer 3

or the appeal to logic, means to convince an audience by use of logic or reason.

Question 4

rhetorike

Answer 4

Plato’s word for rhetoric

Question 5

philosophia

Answer 5

The love and search for wisdom

Question 6

isegoria

Answer 6

a guarantee of equal opportunity to speak freely in public settings and assembly

Question 7

parrhesia

Answer 7

a no boundary speech

Question 8

sophos

Answer 8

the wise one

Question 9

logographer

Answer 9

speech writers, sophists, who could be hired for a high fee

Question 10

arête

Answer 10

including virtue, personal excellence and even the ability to manage one’s personal affairs in an intelligent manner so as to succeed in public life. also suggested all of the qualities taken to be marks of natural leaders

Question 11

dissoi logoi

Answer 11

opposing viewpoints/contradictory arguments

Question 12

probabilities

Answer 12

things that could happen

Question 13

contingencies

Answer 13

practical questions about matters that confront everyone and about which there are no definite and unavoidable answers
changes

Question 14

kairos

Answer 14

what is right for that specific moment, knowledge of the past is important, fitting response, study situation (r and t)

Question 15

Parmenides

Answer 15

reason and revelation

permanent - cannot kill period nothing changes, only permanent change

Question 16

Heraclitus

Answer 16

rhetoric is “t” and “r”

riddler - look at options and consequences essence of universe is dynamic and always changing

Question 17

Empedocles

Answer 17

originator of the cosmogenic theory

very shadowy figure who taught Gorgias invented the art of rhetoric

Question 18

Protagoras

Answer 18

The first important sophist.
“the father of debate”
persuasion: ability - can all develop it.

Question 19

Gorgias

Answer 19

Gorgias of Leontini was a Greek (non-Athenian) sophist and rhetorician who formed part of the first generation of sophists in Ancient Greece around 485-380 B.C. He asserted to have the skill of persuasion and thought rhetoric to have magical powers over words due to language’s ability to control the mind. Gorgias was also big in the use of rhyme and style in order to make his arguments more convincing and “magical”.

Question 20

Isocrates

Answer 20

believed in phronesis - tied together sophists and socratics
different because he was concerned about building good citizens believed in kairos knows he cannot teach virtue but knows it can be morally impoving

Question 21

Donald C. Bryant’s definition of rhetoric

Answer 21

art of adjusting ideas to people and people to ideas

Question 22

Marie Hochmuth Nichols’ definition of rhetoric

Answer 22

A means of so ordering discourse as to produce an effect on the listener or reader

Question 23

Kenneth Burke’s definition of rhetoric

Answer 23

The use of language as a symbolic means of inducing cooperation in beings, that by nature, respond to symbols.” ~Claimed by sociology English and communication

Question 24

Aristotle’s definition of rhetoric

Answer 24

ability in each particular case to see all the available means of persuasion. Rhetoric is just the antistrophos of dialect (flip side of coin

Question 25

George Kennedy’s distinction between “Technical rhetoric” and “Philosophic rhetoric;”

Answer 25

Technical rhetoric: how to _______ ---practical methods for advocacy (how to write good speech etc.) Philosophical rhetoric: Philosophic rhetoric: debate about the relationship of rhetoric to other forms of human inquiry

Question 26

the three (3) things which “rhetoric,” within the humanistic study of communication, emphasizes

Answer 26

1. study texts. 2 deals with time. 3 civic participation/responsibility

Question 27

three (3) types of responses persuasion seeks to affect

Answer 27

1. response-shaping, 2. response-reinforcing 3. response-changing

Question 28

The ideas of Parmenides and Heraclitus about the essence of the universe, and which tradition (i.e., Heraclitian or Parmenidian), primarily, has been dominant in the study and practice of rhetoric in the Western world

Answer 28

Heraclitus: No man ever steps in the same river twice, for it's not the same river and he's not the same man. Heraclitus believed that the universe was governed by a divine logos or reason. This fundamental law of the universe held all things in perfect balance. According to Heraclitus, the unity of the universe is composed of a balancing of opposites. Day becomes night and hot will become cold. The continuous changing of reality was the one fundamental constancy within the cosmos. This belief lead Heraclitus to the conclusion that all things are always in flux and that the only thing that did not change was change itself. Parmenides: Through deductive reasoning, Parmenides concluded that something that exists (it is) cannot also not exist (it is not). This would involve a logical contradiction. This thinking would lead Parmenides to conclude that a state of nothingness was impossible. A void in the universe or reality could not be. Parmenides then concluded that something could not have been created from nothing, the universe could not have sprang from an empty void. Additionally anything that exists could not logically go into a state of non existence. Therefore all that exists must have always existed in some form or another. This idea of permanence means that something that is permanent can not change into something else without it ceasing to be permanent. Fundamental change, therefore, is impossible. All things are, they have existed and will always exist in one form or another. This idea of unchanging permanence lead Parmenides to conclude that there is an indivisible unity within the universe

Question 29

which tradition encompasses Reason and/or Revelation as the means to understanding “Truth” and which promotes rhetoric as the means of creating “truth.”

Answer 29

Parmendian

Question 30

three (3) aspects of Athenian life that focused Greek attention on, and emphasized the importance of, public speaking

Answer 30

1. legal system 2. political system 3. culture based on spoken word

Question 31

why it is important to understand Athens as a “contest” society and the influence this had on some of the Sophists.

Answer 31

- this explains why the sophists were focused on rhetoric and the best possible arguments - it explains why the sophists were so oriented on speaking and communication

Question 32

general characteristics of the Sophists

Answer 32

technical rhetoric and doxa

Question 33

the multiple reasons Herrick lists/explains why the Sophists were often disliked

Answer 33

1.taught for pay, 2. they were foreigners who had relocated to Athens, 3. they were from outside of the Hellenistic world and they had a habit of traveling, 4. truth emerged from clash of arguments, 5. built a view of justice on the notion of social agreement or nomos

Question 34

Protagoras: his importance to the Sophistic Movement

Answer 34

FIrst important sophist led the sophistic movement in athens the father of debate

Question 35

Protagoras: where he was from (i.e., not Athens)

Answer 35

Abdera, Thrace

Question 36

Protagoras: his view of truth

Answer 36

no absolute truth

Question 37

Protagoras: what he is primarily remembered for teaching/practicing in relation to rhetoric (i.e., his three (3) most famous, and controversial, ideas/dictums/claims that reveal perspectives on human communication);

Answer 37

1. Man is the measure of all things (not the gods) 2. For every perspective, there is at least one opposing perspective a. Dissoi logoi – opposing viewpoints 3. Take weaker argument and make it look stronger

Question 38

Protagoras: implications of those teachings as we’ve discussed them in class

Answer 38

Out adverserial legal system is based on making the weaker case appear stronger

Question 39

Protagoras: he’s also known as the “Father of . . .”?

Answer 39

debate

Question 40

Gorgias: who was his teacher/primary influence;

Answer 40

Empedocles.

Question 41

Gorgias: in what country he was born and later represented as an ambassador to Athens

Answer 41

Leontini in Sicily. olitical ambassador seeking military assistance against Syracuse, a city-state in Sicily

Question 42

Gorgias: his “specialty” in public speaking

Answer 42

extemporaneous oratory, and that he had the boldness to say "'suggest a subject' ...he was the first to proclaim himself willing to take the chance, showing apparently that he knew everything and would trust the moment to speak on any subject.

Question 43

Gorgias: ; his view of truth as it seems to appear in the three (3) aspects of his argument in “On Nature”/”On Not Being”/“On the Non-Existent” discussed in class and in the Herrick text

Answer 43

"if the nonexistent exists, it will both exist and not exist at the same time" "if things considered [imagined or thought] in the mind are not existent, the existent is not considered" (B3.77), that is to say, existence is incomprehensible. Finally, Gorgias proclaims that even if existence could be apprehended, "it would be incapable of being conveyed to another"

Question 44

Gorgias: what we think Gorgias might have meant by arguing the way he did about “Nothing exists; if it did we couldn’t know it, . . . ” and the implications of those teachings

Answer 44

1.Nothing exists (until you name it, language is powerful), 2. If it did we couldn’t know it, 3. Couldn’t communicate it

Question 45

Gorgias: what Gorgias taught/practiced about the power of words in relation to human emotions

Answer 45

attention to inherent ppwer of words to capture and move the human spirit

Question 46

Gorgias: view of kairos.

Answer 46

what is right for that specific moment, knowledge of the past is important, fitting response, study situation (r and t)

Question 47

What is the hericlitan tradition?

Answer 47

- rhetoric is a means of creating truth | - question things to understand the truth

Question 48

What is the permindian tradition?

Answer 48

- uses reason or revelation as a means to understanding truth - rhetoric is secondary