Quiz 1 Flashcards
(66 cards)
1) Purpose of Lab Tests:
2) Do lab tests / values accurately reflect an individuals physiological status?
1) PURPOSE: Laboratory tests are used by Dr’s to screen patients, determine a diagnosis (identify or rule out a condition), or monitor a patient following a diagnosis of a disease. Or you can do tests to help determine who is at risk for a disease (i.e. those with high cholesterol could be treated/helped before other disease breaks out). Blood tests, urine tests, dna samples, etc.
2) REFLECT: Not always. They may fall in a normal range of values, but normal ranges vary based on age, gender, health status, etc. Margins of errors happen with test results, they are not always accurate.
And condition of individual may have changed from when the test was done to when you see them.
What is APACHE
How to remember
Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation
A system for prognosis development for critically ill patients (ICU patients).
A severity of disease classification system. Patients (older than 16) who are critically ill and admitted to ICU will get a score / value based on previous norms to predicts death rates, stay length in ICU based on certain values / scoring system
You can only do this procedure or give this medicine to ICU patients with certain scores
(Remember: APAHE helicopters bring very sick / injured patients to ICU)
Why is sodium so important in the body?
Increases in sodium leads to …
Decreases in sodium leads to …
Increases of sodium lead to increased _______
What is a Sodium Test?
Critical for fluid volume regulation in the body, and for muscle contraction, electrical conductivity of contractions, etc.
Increases in sodium leads to retention of water
Loss of sodium leads to loss of water
Thirst
A sodium test checks how much sodium is in the blood. Sodium is both an electrolyte and mineral. It helps keep the water (the amount of fluid inside and outside the body’s cells) and electrolyte balance of the body. Sodium (Na+) is also important in how nerves and muscles work. It also contributes to proper muscle contraction and nerve impulse conduction.
Potassium is important to body why?
Important for function of MUSCLE cells, heart cells, and nerve cells. Potassium works alongside sodium to maintain a normal blood pressure. Potassium is known as an electrolyte, and this helps to maintain a healthy balance of fluids in the body. It also helps to transmit electrical pulses to allow for proper nerve and muscle function.
Potassium is very important in the human body. Along with sodium, it regulates the water balance and the acid-base balance in the blood and tissues. … In the nerve cells, this sodium-potassium flux generates the electrical potential that aids the conduction of nerve impulses.
Potassium is crucial to heart function and plays a key role in skeletal and smooth muscle contraction, making it important for normal digestive and muscular function.
Why is calcium so important?
Critically Important for action potentials in muscles … and BONE strength. Plus it is an electrolyte so it works with Na+ and K+ to conduct charges in cells.
It helps rule in or rule out kidney or bone diesease (osteoporosis)
Calcium is responsible for neuronal excitability … hypercalcemia decreases the firing of neurons, resulting in muscle weakness and fatigue and tone
Calcium also plays an important role in muscle contraction, transmitting messages through the nerves, and the release of hormones. If people aren’t getting enough calcium in their diet, the body takes calcium from the bones to ensure normal cell function, which can lead to weakened bones.
Why is blood glucose so important
What is Insulin
Glucose, or commonly called sugar, is an important energy source that is needed by all the cells and organs of our bodies. Some examples are our muscles and our brain. Glucose or sugar comes from the food we eat.
Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas that allows your body to use sugar (glucose) from carbohydrates in the food that you eat for energy or to store glucose for future use. Insulin helps keeps your blood sugar level from getting too high (hyperglycemia) or too low (hypoglycemia).
The cells in your body need sugar for energy. However, sugar cannot go into most of your cells directly. After you eat food and your blood sugar level rises, cells in your pancreas (known as beta cells) are signaled to release insulin into your bloodstream. Insulin then attaches to and signals cells to absorb sugar from the bloodstream. Insulin is often described as a “key,” which unlocks the cell to allow sugar to enter the cell and be used for energy.
If you have more sugar in your body than it needs, insulin helps store the sugar in your liver and releases it when your blood sugar level is low or if you need more sugar, such as in between meals or during physical activity. Therefore, insulin helps balance out blood sugar levels and keeps them in a normal range. As blood sugar levels rise, the pancreas secretes more insulin.
People with type 1 diabetes cannot make insulin because the beta cells in their pancreas are damaged or destroyed (from genetics). Therefore, these people will need insulin injections to allow their body to process glucose and avoid complications from hyperglycemia. People with Type II are overweight and taking too much sugar into their body, and pancreas can’t keep up with producing enough insulin.
Acidosis is less than what value
Alkalosis is more than what value
- 35
7. 45
Complete Blood Count (CBC) includes a count of what:
RBC's (erythrocytes) WBC's (leukocytes) Platelets Hemoglobin Hematocrit
A quick test to know count of RBC’s is a ________
And it is to test for _______
So a low ______ count is indicitive of _______
What carries O2 from blood to cells?
Blood being clotted is:
Hematocrit (Hct)
Anemia
Hct of Anemia
Hemoglobin
Hemostasis
RBC’s normally have what shape:
But if RBC’s become cresent shaped it is a sign of what disease:
Biconcave
Sickle Cell disease (can’t carry as much O2, and gets stuck in arteries causing clotting)
What is coagulation
When a liquid (blood) changes to a solid state
Do NOT memorize the normative values for every condition, those will be provided to you
Ok
REVEIW for tests by going through the “Reading Guides” and the POWER POINTS (which she does NOT go over in class)
ok
A decrease in the capacity of blood to carry oxygen is:
Anemia
Laboratory tests used to evaluate kidney function:
how to remember
BMP (Basic Metabolic Panel) is group of tests
Specific Tests:
- BUN (Blood urea nitrogen … nitrogen in blood from waste product or urea. Urea is made in liver and goes to urine. BUN tells you how well kidney is functioning. IF YOUR KIDNEYS ARE NOT FUNCTIONING WELL, BUN GOES UP
- Creatinine: If kidneys don’t function well …. ???
(Remember kidneys are for urine, and so UREA is the BUN test)
What is UREA?
IF YOUR KIDNEYS ARE NOT FUNCTIONING WELL, the BUN lab test will go UP or DOWN?
A colorless crystalline compound that is the main nitrogenous breakdown product of protein metabolism in mammals and is excreted in urine.
UP
Term for elevated level of WBC’s:
What does white mean in latin
Elevated (or more than) means what in latin
Leukocytosis
White = leuko Elevated = cytosis
Cells that play a key role in blood clotting
Platelets (or “thrombocytes”)
What does cytes mean in latin?
CELLS
Another name for platelets
Thrombocytes
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity: (how to remember)
Procedure to remove fluid build-up in the abdomen:
Abnormal accumulation fluid in the thorax (lung/chest) cavity:
Procedure to remove fluid build-up in the thorax?
Ascites (fluid in “Asc” area)
Paracentesis (abdominal tap)
Pleural effusion
Thoracentesis
A patient with hypo or hyperkalemia must be carefully monitored for potential ____________ from irregular __________ levels.
(how to remember)
Cardiac Arrhythmia
Potassium levels
Kalemia = potassium
(glycemia is sugar, calcemia is calcium, and Kalemia is for K and Potassium is K)
What is a non-specific test for inflammatory disorders
how to remember
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
ESR: rate at which the RBC’s settle out of unclotted blood plasma in one hour. An erythrocyte sedimentation rate measures how quickly red blood cells settle in a test tube. It can help detect inflammation in the body.
(OPPOSITE of inflame - RBC’s go down and settle in bottom of tube)
Which subtype of lymphocytes is vulnerable to being destroyed by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
T lymphocytes … which are subdivided into “helpers” and “suppressors” … and it is the HELPER T cells. CD4
