Quiz 5A Flashcards

Question

Giantism = Acromegaly = (how to remember)

Answer 1

Overgrowth of long bones usually in children (as a result of oversecretion of GH from ant. pituitary gland) Increased bone THICKNESS and hypertrophy of soft tissues ... usually in adults. Hypersecretion of GH in ant. pituitary gland. (Remember: acromion is a WIDE bone, not long)

Answer 2

1) Decreased or absent GH released/secreted by anterior pituitary gland ... resulting in dwarfism 2) GH deficient, delayed puberty, short in stature 3) Caused by partial or total failure of all six pituitary hormones (remember: put all hormones from ant. lobe in a pan = fail) 4) Removal or destruction of pituitary gland by surgery or chemical agents ectomy = cutting out

Answer 3

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidieuretic Hormone (SIADH) ... associated with excessive release of ADH which disrupts fluid and electrolyte balance, resulting in water imbalance. So much ADH in system = A LOT of water RETENSION. Diabetes incipidus (lots of water being urinated out)

Answer 4

1) Drug to help pass urine or remove fluid from body (you'd use if you had major heart or HTN issues) 2) Does opposite of a diuretic - hypothalamus tells kidneys how much urine to conserve/keep. More water retention for homeostasis. 3) Vasopressin (ADH) is an anti-diuretic ... to help with water retension 4) A disease in which the secretion of or response to the pituitary hormone ADH / VASOPRESSIN is impaired (NOT released), resulting in the production of very heavy/lots of dilute urine, often with dehydration and insatiable thirst.

Answer 5

The thymus gland, located behind your sternum and between your lungs, is only active until puberty. After puberty, the thymus starts to slowly shrink and become replaced by fat.

Answer 6

Hypothalamus Hypothalamus FUNCTIONS: - MONITOR hormone levels in body, to determine if body needs more or less hormones, and to initiate the cascade effect to get those hormones out. - Heart rate and blood pressure - Body temperature - Fluid and electrolyte balance, including thirst - Appetite, metabolism, and body weight - Reproductive functions (contraction, milk production) - Glandular secretions of the stomach and intestines - Production of substances that influence the pituitary gland to release hormones - Sleep cycles

Answer 7

When a gland or glands don't function properly and release too much or too little of their hormone (hyper / hyposecretion). Or, a gland doesn't work at all. Or cascades don't work properly. Or target cells with proper receptors are damaged.

Answer 8

Adrenal gland (specifically the medulla) To release Catecholamines: epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

Answer 9

1) YES (synonymous) 2) Diabetes is TOO MUCH BLOOD SUGAR. It is a disease in which the body is unable to properly use and store glucose (a form of sugar). Glucose backs up in the bloodstream — causing one’s blood glucose (sometimes referred to as blood sugar) to rise too high. 3) Type 1 is usually GENETIC and found in children. Body just doesn't produce insulin so person is inulin dependent. You need insulin injection since insulin doesn't work properly in your body. IT IS AN AUTOIMMUNE disease where body attacks cells that produce insulin. 4) Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas to regulate how much sugar is in the blood. Insulin helps keeps your blood sugar level from getting too high (hyperglycemia) or too low (hypoglycemia). It helps sugar to LEAVE the blood stream and go get stored in cells (muscle, fat, etc. cells) to be converted to energy there. So insulin gets sugar out of bloodstream and to the cells to be converted into energy. Without insulin, cells cannot get and absorb sugar (glucose), which they need to produce energy. 5) Type II diabetes is usually found in adults over 40 years old who are overweight, and it is because the cells receptors to receive insulin start to break down. So blood sugar stays high, pancrease produces more, and then pancrease burns out. Basically the high amounts of sugars and carbs in body due to poor diet cause pancreas to have to produce more insulin, and it just can't keep up, so you don't have enough insulin for the amount of sugar in bloodstream, so you need insulin injections to compensate for the high levels of blood sugar.

Answer 10

Diabetes insipidus (which is too much urine/fluid released ... peeing a lot) Water reabsorption (or retention) TOO much of ADH hormone released, so lots of water reabsorbed and stays in body. Water intoxication / swelling

Answer 11

An inherited inability to metabolize phenylalanine that causes brain and nerve damage if untreated. TESTS of phenylalanine levels are done in NEWBORNS. Phenylketonuria (commonly known as PKU) is an inherited disorder that increases the levels of a substance called phenylalanine in the blood. Phenylalanine is a building block of proteins (an amino acid) that is obtained through the diet. It is found in all proteins and in some artificial sweeteners. If PKU is not treated, phenylalanine can build up to harmful levels in the body, causing intellectual disability and other serious health problems. s/s: Everything normal till a few months old, then Seizures, delayed development, behavioral problems, and psychiatric disorders are also common. BRAIN DAMAGE

Answer 12

Wilson's disease is a rare inherited disorder that causes COPPER to ACCUMULATE in your liver, brain and other vital organs. Most people with Wilson's disease are diagnosed between the ages of 5 and 35, but it can affect younger and older people, as well. IT IS A DEFECT in the metabolism of COPPER - so copper accumulates in liver, brain, blood (Remember: WILSON from Cast Away was his "Dog" that he lost, and COPPER was our dog we lost). s/s: Symptoms include swelling, fatigue, abdominal pain, and uncontrolled or poorly coordinated movements.

Answer 13

HIGH correlation between obesity and cancer - Fat tissue (also called adipose tissue) produces excess amounts of estrogen, high levels of which have been associated with increased risks of breast, endometrial, ovarian, and some other cancers. - High levels of insulin and IGF-1 may promote the development of colon, kidney, prostate, and endometrial cancers - Many observational studies have provided consistent evidence that people who have LOWER weight gain during adulthood have lower risks of colon cancer, kidney cancer, and—for postmenopausal women—breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancers

Answer 14

Metabolism is ALL the chemical processes to break down nutrients / food (the lipids, carbs, sugar molecules) into broken-down chemicals and then convert them into energy. Metabolism converts the fuel in the food we eat into the energy needed to power everything we do, from moving to thinking to growing. Catabolism breaks molecules down, Anabolism builds molecules up needed to produce/convert energy. Nutrition is the key to metabolism. The pathways of metabolism rely upon nutrients that they breakdown in order to produce energy. This energy in turn is required by the body to synthesize new proteins, nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) etc.

Answer 15

- Adipose tissue (body fat) is crucial for health. Along with fat cells, adipose tissue contains numerous nerve cells and blood vessels, storing and releasing energy to fuel the body and releasing important hormones vital to the body's needs. - Adipose tissue is now known to be a very important and active endocrine organ. It is well established that adipocytes (or fat cells) play a vital role in the storage and release of energy throughout the human body. More recently, the endocrine function of adipose has been discovered. In addition to adipocytes, adipose tissue contains numerous other cells that are able to produce certain hormones in response to signals from the rest of the organs throughout the body. Through the actions of these hormones, adipose tissue plays an important role in the regulation of glucose, cholesterol and the metabolism of sex hormones. - A number of different hormones are released from adipose tissue and these are responsible for different functions within the body.

Answer 16

1) If you have hyperthyroidism, it means your thyroid is overactive and produces too much thyroid hormone which increases metabolism. 1A) Thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The thyroid gland makes hormones that regulate the way the body uses energy. The thyroid gland uses iodine from food to make two thyroid hormones: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). And Calcitonin 2) It releases hormones to regulate: body's temperature, METABOLISM, and heartbeat. The function of the thyroid gland is to take iodine, found in many foods, and convert it into thyroid hormones: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Thyroid cells are the only cells in the body which can absorb iodine. These cells combine iodine and the amino acid tyrosine to make T3 and T4. 3) It is just below your adams apple, in front of trachea, but if it is normal, you can't feel it. 4) Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism). It is increased T4 production (probably autoimmune disease). Your eyes bulge out, large goiter, heat intolerance, weight loss, increased appetite 5) T3, T4, and Calcitonin 6) It could be genetics, an autoimmune attack, pregnancy, stress, nutritional deficiencies, or toxins in the environment, but experts aren't entirely sure. Or lack of TSH to be released from ant. pit. gland 7) - Feeling nervous, anxious, or irritable - Experiencing mood swings - Feeling very tired or weak - Sensitivity to heat - An enlarged thyroid (goiter). This can make the base of your neck look swollen. - Losing weight suddenly with no known cause (metabolism not working) - Fast or irregular heartbeat or palpitations (pounding in your heart) 8) Goiter is an enlargement or swelling of the neck from the thyroid gland getting enlarged.

Answer 17

1) When the thyroid does not produce enough thyroid hormone, so it slows down metabolism 2) Hypothyroidism 3) s/s: brachycardia, fatigue, weight gain, lower metabolism, decrease in body heat production 4) Life long administration of synthetic thyroid drug 5) It correlates with fibromyalgia, chest pain, HTN, exercise intolerance

Answer 18

1) Thyroiditis: Inflammation of thyroid gland, hypothyroidism 2) Women much more than men 3) Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Answer 19

Thyroid cancer: Cancer on thyroid gland, you'd feel hard (but painless) nodule at base of anterior neck. Refer to physician immediately

Answer 20

1) Hyperparathyroidism is an excess of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the bloodstream due to overactivity of one or more of the body's four parathyroid glands. These glands are about the size of a grain of rice and are located in your neck by/on thyroid gland. It will disrupt CALCIUM and bone metabolism ... one or more of the parathyroid glands causes overproduction of the PTH hormone, which will cause more calcium to go into blood, resulting in high levels of CALCIUM in the blood (hypercalcemia). Causes weak bones cause of oversecretion so bone can't absorb it all. 2) The parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), which helps maintain an appropriate balance of CALCIUM in the bloodstream and in tissues that depend on calcium for proper functioning. 3) s/s: fragile bones, kidney stones, and excessive urination 4) Two types of hyperparathyroidism exist. In PRIMARY hyperparathyroidism, an enlargement of one or more of the parathyroid glands causes overproduction of the PTH hormone, resulting in high levels of CALCIUM in the blood (hypercalcemia), which can cause a variety of health problems. Surgery is the most common treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism. SECONDARY hyperparathyroidism occurs as a result of another disease that initially causes low levels of calcium in the body and over time, increased parathyroid hormone levels occur. ``` 5) Fragile bones that easily fracture (osteoporosis) Kidney stones Excessive urination Abdominal pain Tiring easily or weakness Depression or forgetfulness Bone and joint pain Frequent complaints of illness with no apparent cause Nausea, vomiting or loss of appetite ``` 6) Hypercalcemia: with too much PTH released, then too much CALCIUM goes through blood stream = hypercalcemia.

Answer 21

1) Diminished concentration of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the blood, which causes deficiencies of CALCIUM and phosphorus compounds in the blood and results in muscular spasms (since muscles don't have enough calcium to create contractions). Acute tetany is when you don't have enough calcium to create the muscle contraction. Bones become weak. 1A) Hypocalcemia (too little Ca in body) ... muscle spasms and weak bones. 2) The most common cause of hypoparathyroidism is injury to the parathyroid glands, such as during head and neck surgery. In other cases, it is present at birth or may be associated with an autoimmune disease. Could be iatrogenic too. 3) Symptoms of hypoparathyroidism may include tingling in the lips, fingers, and toes; dry hair, brittle nails, and dry, coarse skin; muscle cramps and pain in the face, hands, legs, and feet; cataracts; dental problems; memory loss, headaches, and muscle spasms. 4) Calcium carbonate and vitamin D supplements are the only currently approved treatment.

Answer 22

1) A disorder in which the adrenal glands don't produce enough hormones. Hypofunction of the adrenal cortex who's purpose is to help with metabolism, electrolyte balance, stress balance (producing cortisol and aldosterone). 2) Addison's disease (AD=AD) 3) Not enough cortisol being released 4) The disease is characterized by weight loss, muscle weakness, fatigue, low blood pressure, and sometimes darkening of the skin in both exposed and non-exposed parts of the body 5) - REDUCE STRESS - helps maintain blood pressure and cardiovascular function; - helps slow the immune systems inflammatory response; - helps balance the effects of insulin in breaking down sugar for energy; and - helps regulate the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. 6) Disorder or injury of the adrenal glands themselves (PRIMARY adrenal insufficiency) or to inadequate secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary gland (SECONDARY adrenal insufficiency).

Answer 23

First, the hypothalamus sends "releasing hormones" to the pituitary gland. The pituitary responds by secreting other hormones that regulate growth, thyroid and adrenal function, and sex hormones such as estrogen and testosterone. One of the pituitarys main functions is to secrete ACTH (adrenocorticotropin), a hormone that stimulates the adrenal glands. When the adrenals receive the pituitarys signal in the form of ACTH, they respond by producing cortisol. Completing the cycle, cortisol then signals the pituitary to lower secretion of ACTH.

Answer 24

Medulla Cortex

Answer 25

1) Adrenocortical hyperfunction is a condition where there is an overproduction of hormones of the adrenal cortex. When cortisol is overproduced, it is called Cushing's syndrome. When aldosterone is overproduced, it is called hyperaldosteronism 2) Cushing’s Syndrome (remember: It is "cushy" if you don't have any stress) 3) Cushing disease is caused by a pituitary gland tumor (usually benign) that over-secretes the hormone ACTH, thus overstimulating the adrenal glands' cortisol production. Cushing syndrome refers to the signs and symptoms associated with excess cortisol in the body, regardless of the cause. When too much cortisol is present in the body, it is called Cushing’s syndrome, regardless of the cause. Cortisol is made by the adrenal glands which are stimulated by ACTH, which is produced in pituitary gland. When the cause of the excess cortisol is excess ACTH made by a pituitary tumor, the condition is called "Cushing’s disease". 4) obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, easy bruisability, abdominal striae, and myopathy 5) Cushings disease

Answer 26

Insulin is a hormone made by one of the body's organs called the pancreas. Insulin helps your body take sugar in your blood (glucose) and deliver it to cells/muscles to convert into energy. It also helps your body store it in your muscles, fat cells, and liver to use later, when your body needs it. After you eat, your blood sugar (glucose) rises. This rise in glucose triggers your pancreas to release insulin into the bloodstream. Insulin travels through the blood, picks up the glucose, and delivers it to your body's cells. It tells the cells to open up and let the glucose in. It is the key. Once inside, the cells convert that glucose into energy or store it to use later. Without insulin, your body can't use or store glucose for energy. Instead, the glucose would just stay in your blood ... leading to many issues/pathologies: diabetes, CVD, HTN, CAD, atherosclerosis.

Answer 27

High blood sugar usually comes on slowly. It happens when you don't have enough insulin in your body or ate too much sugar. High blood sugar can happen if you miss taking your diabetes medicine, eat too much, or don't get enough exercise. Sometimes, medicines you take for other problems may cause high blood sugar. Having too much sugar in the blood for long periods of time can cause serious health problems if it's not treated. Hyperglycemia can damage the vessels that supply blood to vital organs, which can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke, kidney disease, vision problems, HTN, CVD, CAD, diabetes, and nerve problems in people with diabetes. HIGH blood sugar can lead to atherosclerosis, and for the pancreas to over-produce insulin which eventually causes it to over-work and shut down (which then insulin is not created, and blood sugar goes even higher).

Answer 28

Thyroid cancer 33,500 new cases per year

Answer 29

Any disease or condition that arises spontaneously or for which the cause is unknown. (the pathology is not known - because IDIOTS like me don't understand Pathology :)

Answer 30

- Observe s/s and refer to medical provider - Don't put too much stress on pt with exercise - Hypoparathyroiditis means low Ca+ will create bone weakness and loss of muscle contractions - Help prevent loss of ROM - Palpate for nodules (thyroid) - Stretch weak muscles

Answer 31

``` Polyuria = many pee (large amounts of urine) Polydipsia = many THIRST (small amounts of urine / thirsty) Nocturia = peeing at night (have to wake up a lot to pee) ```

Answer 32

Methylmalonic acidemia is a disorder in which the body cannot break down certain proteins and fats. The result is a buildup of a substance called methylmalonic acid in the blood. This condition is passed down through families. It is one of several conditions called an "inborn error of metabolism." (methyl-olic = metabolic .... metabolism doesn't work, can't break down fats and protiens).

Answer 33

Yes, of course. High amounts of sodium require more water to help break it down. If you need water retention, you'll release more ADH hormone ... leading to SIADH.

Answer 34

Calcitonin: A hormone secreted by the thyroid that has the effect of LOWERING blood calcium. Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels by suppressing osteoclast activity in the bones and increasing the amount of calcium excreted in the urine. PTH: When the calcium in our blood goes too low, the parathyroid glands make more PTH. Increased PTH causes the body to put more calcium into the blood. Increased PTH causes the bones to release their calcium into the blood.

Answer 35

Aldosterone (hyper) (russian people cause stress, twitch of face) Cortisol (hyper) ACTH (hyper) Addison's disease

Answer 36

Porphyria is a group of disorders caused by an overaccumulation of porphyrin which helps hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen in the blood.

Answer 37

Increase in T4, from hyperthyroidism, so it increases metabolism.

Answer 38

Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels by storing calcium in bones. It will take too much calcium in the blood to the bones. Reduces calcium levels in blood. When the calcium in our blood goes too low, the parathyroid glands make more PTH. Increased PTH causes the body to put more calcium into the blood. Increased PTH causes the bones to release their calcium into the blood. PTH will sense if blood calcium levels are too low, and signal to create more ... which will signal that the body needs more calcium. BUT, calcitonin only kicks in when blood calcium levels are too high, and it takes calcium TO the bones. Yes, they are opposites.

Answer 39

Anterior lobe of pituitary gland NO Stimulating hormone

Answer 40

Chevostek's Russians are "conn's" and weird, and can't be trusted - make funny face movements.

Answer 41

Wilson's disease Just to remember that Wilson's disease is about COPPER ("Wilson" from Cast away .... I lost my dog Copper)

Answer 42

Cushing's Syndrome | remember Cushing's disease is from ACTH not cortisol

Answer 43

Conn's syndrome

Answer 44

Diabetes insipidus ADH surplus would be SIADH

Answer 45

If you remove thyroid, you'd impact the parathyroid Hypoparathyroidism

Answer 46

Hashimoto's disease

Answer 47

Grave's Disease

Answer 48

Diabetes | Grave's Disease (most common form of hyperthyroidism, and thyroid cancer is most common endocrine cancer)

Answer 49

Giantism (Gigantism) ... in children Acromegaly ... (in adults after epiphyseal plates close)

Answer 50

Acute tetany

Answer 51

Adipokines

Answer 52

Addison's Disease

Answer 53

Elevated body metabolism | Chvostek's

Answer 54

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is a hormone produced in the anterior pituitary gland in the brain. The function of ACTH is to regulate levels of the steroid hormone cortisol, which released from the adrenal gland.

Answer 55

Vasopressin

Answer 56

Thyroid cells (T3 and T4 from Thyroid gland)

Answer 57

Ant. Pituitary gland would release TSH, which goes down to Thyroid gland, to release T3, T4, or Calcitonin ...

Answer 58

``` Thyroid parathyroid adrenal cortex adrenal medulla post. pit gland pancreas post. pit gland ant pit. gland thyroid pancreas adrenal cortex testes (and ovaries) ```

Answer 59

Cushing's syndrome hyperaldosteronism

Answer 60

Graves Disease T4

Answer 61

Adiponectin, Leptin, Angiotensin Obesity

Answer 62

Wilson's disease Phenylketonuria Porphorias

Quiz 5A Flashcards

(89 cards)