Quiz 2 Flashcards
(86 cards)
KNOW VOCAB WORDS:
Infection: Colonization: Communicable: Communicable period: Contact precautions / Infection control:
(more … scroll down)
Erythema Migrans:
Susceptibility (and Host Susceptibility):
iatrogenic: (how to remember)
Incubation Period:
(more below … scroll down)
Latent Infection:
Chronic Viral Infection:
Malaise: (how to remember)
Modes of transmission of an infection:
(more below … keep scrolling)
Nosocomial: (How to remember)
Portal of exit:
Portal of entry:
(more below … keep scrolling)
Prophylactic antibiotics: (how to remember)
Reservoir:
Standard precautions:
Transmission-based precautions:
Infection: An infection means that germs (bacteria, virus, parasite) not normally in body invade and multiply in/on body and make you sick (establishes a parasitic relationship with a host). You can get signs and symptoms (or not) like fever, pus, high WBC count, etc.
Colonization: If I colonize an area, I invade it, take over, and gather more people around me. This is what microorganisms (bacteria, virus, parasite) do when they colonize on/in tissues.
Communicable: Contagious. An infection or disease that can be transmitted from person to person by direct contact, or discharges from body
Communicable period: The period where you are contagious (if you have the infection) … period during which an infected person can transmit a pathogen to a susceptible host.
Contact precautions / Infection control: wash hands, wear PPE, dispose needles, clean and disinfect, cough/sneeze etiquite, waste disposal, safe sex, etc.
Erythema Migrans: Redness Migrating … rash spreading. Seen in early lyme disease, or from tick bite. Typically goes away.
Susceptibility: A susceptible individual is one who is at risk of becoming infected by a disease. Is the host susceptible to getting the infection? Impacted by person’s age, immune system strength, vaccines, hygiene, skin barrier, etc.
iatrogenic: Illness (infection) resulting from a medical exam or treatment (Dr or surgery or exam). It’s a side-affect the individual gets from the treatment they are receiving (remember: I aint letting you see my genitals)
Incubation Period: The period where infection gets incubated / grows. It sits in the resivoir and multiplies … and host (infected person) starts seeing s/s. Basically, the bacteria is getting incubated and multiplying.
Latent Infection: Latent means dormant. So a latent viral infection is an infection in cells that sits dormant or is not persistent / growing, but there. Can’t see s/s, but there is an infection there.
Chronic Viral Infection: Opposite of latent viral infection - it grows and spreads fast and is dangerous.
Malaise: A general feeling of discomfort, illness, or uneasiness whose exact cause is difficult to identify. (remember: country of malaysia gives me discomfort and I can’t find it)
What are the modes of Transmission of an infection:
- Airborne (through air from cough/sneeze)
- Contact (direct = skin to skin, sex, kiss; indirect = food, needle)
- Droplet (cough or sneeze directly on to someone)
- Vehicle (food, water, IV, catheter)
- Vector (insect, animal)
Nosocomial: disease originating from the hospital (remember: No socializing in the hospital)
Portal of exit: A portal of exit is the site from where micro-organisms leave the host to enter another host and cause disease/infection. For example, a micro-organism may leave the reservoir through the nose or mouth when someone sneezes or coughs, a door handle, toilet, sking, or in feces.
Portal of entry: how does it get in? A portal of entry is the site through which micro-organisms enter the susceptible host and cause disease/infection. Infectious agents enter the body through various portals, including the mucous membranes, the skin, airborne/breathed in, the respiratory and the gastrointestinal tracts
Prophylactic Antibiotic: A prophylactic is a medication or a treatment designed and used to PREVENT a disease from occurring (ideally prior to getting it). You could use antibiotics before surgery or a dental procedure to prevent a bacterial infection … the increase in the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics. (remember: proactive antibiotics)
Reservoir: Where the infection, bacteria, virus grows and sits and flourishes/multiplies/incubated.
Standard precautions: Apply to everyone. Wash hands, wear gloves, cover mouth, vaccines, etc.
Transmission-based precautions: Apply to anyone with documented or suspected infection. So, hand hygiene (alcohol based rubs, soap and water, antiseptics for invasive), standard precautions, isolation precautions [contact precautions and group activities] - isolation, specific drugs, etc.
Describe signs and symptoms of a infectious disease.
*** Sign =
*** Symptom =
(SHE will try to trick you on exam by listing a symptom when she is really asking for a sign, etc.)
Are there specific s/s you’d see in specific body systems?
There are SO many, depending on where in body (which system) and which etiologic agent (infection, virus, bacteria, drugs, etc.)
Sign = objective, see, feel, measure Symptom = subjective, can't measure, Dr. can't see
Fever Chills Enlarged lymph nodes Sweating Temperature changes Inflammation Malaise (discomfort you can't identify) Pain Nausea/Vomiting Changes in blood composition Mental function decrease
YES: - Integumentary - Cardio-pulmonary - CNS - GI -
What is malaise:
how to remember
Malaise: General feeling of discomfort, illness or uneasiness without knowing what caused it; first indication of disease. A general feeling of discomfort, illness, or uneasiness whose exact cause is difficult to identify. (remember: country of malaysia gives me discomfort and I can’t find it)
Why are older adults more susceptible to infectious diseases
- Their immune system is weak and not as strong
- Skin is more atrophic, so more easily damaged / ruptured / penetrated
- Decreased cough and gag reflexes make it difficult to remove secretions
- More dormant infections within them get reactivated with weak immune system
- Cells mutate over time = cancer. Then you get chemo and kill good cells like WBCs
- Fatigue which leads to loss of personal hygeine
- Fatigue and weaker muscles (as a result of no exercise) makes risk of falls and injury more, which increases chance for infections.
- Denture associated infections occur
1) Define infection:
2) Is an infection localized or systemic?
3) What are communicable diseases?
1) The invasion and multiplication of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites that are not normally present within the body. An infection may cause no symptoms and be subclinical, or it may cause symptoms and be clinically apparent.
*** Infection is a process where a bacteria/virus establishes a parasitic relationship with its host. This triggers an immune response, showing up in s/s.
2) Can be both or either.
3) Infections (viruses) that can spread from one person to another orally, through touch, blood, sex, airborne, etc. They are CONTAGIOUS diseases that can be spread.
What types of organisms can cause an infection
- Viruses
- Bacteria
- Mycoplasmas
- Mycobacteria
- Fungi (yeasts and molds)
- Tapeworms
- Parasites
- Rickettsiae (how to remember … cricket … animal)
- Chlamydiae
- Protozoa
What is the chain of trasmission or chain or infection for the transmission of any infection?
All these steps are necessary - breaking a link in this chain causes infection to not spread:
1) Infectious disease: Any microorganism that can cause a disease such as a bacterium, virus, parasite, or fungus. Reasons that the organism will cause an infection are virulence (ability to multiply and grow), invasiveness (ability to enter tissue), and pathogenicity (ability to cause disease, or disease can develop).
2) Reservoir: The place where the microorganism resides, thrives, and reproduces, i.e., food, water, toilet seat,
elevator buttons, human feces, door handle, respiratory tract, somewhere in body.
3) Portal of Exit: The place where the organism leaves the reservoir, such as the respiratory tract (nose, mouth), intestinal tract (rectum), genitals, urinary tract, or blood and other body fluids.
4) Mode of Transmission: The means by which an organism transfers from one carrier to another by either direct transmission (direct contact between infectious host and susceptible host) or indirect transmission (which involves an intermediate carrier like an environmental surface or piece of medical equipment). Airborne, droplet, direct, indirect, vehicle, vector.
5) Portal of Entry: The opening where an infectious disease enters the host’s body such as skin, mucus membranes, open wounds, breathing in, anus/mouth/nose, genitals, or tubes inserted in body cavities like urinary catheters or feeding tubes.
6) Susceptible Host: The person who is at risk for developing an infection from the disease. Several factors make a person more susceptible to disease including age (young people and elderly people generally are more at risk), immune system strength, unvaccinated people, underlying chronic diseases such as diabetes or asthma, conditions that weaken the immune system like HIV, certain types of medications, invasive devices like feeding tubes, and malnutrition.
Explain the 5 modes of transmission - how an infection can be passed from one host to another:
- Contact (direct: skin to skin, touch, kiss, sex, etc. OR indirect: like phone, toilet, handle, needle, or railing)
- Airborne (bacteria goes through air and breathed in)
- Droplet (someone sneezes or coughs on you)
- Vehicle (contaminated food or water, catheter)
- Vector (insect or animal with infection bites you)
With regards to a susceptible host for infection to go to and thrive, what are the 3 LINES OF DEFENSE:
First-line: Skin, hair, mucous membranes, cilia, coughing/gag reflex, gloves, tears, safe sex, saliva (these stop the invasion into the body)
Second-line: The inflammatory process (WBC’s that phagocytize foreign invader)
Third-line: The immune response (lymphocytes that produce ANTIBODIES)
1) Antigens vs. Antibodies:
2) So what are vaccines or immunizations:
1) Antigens: Any substance foreign to the body that stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies to fight the antigen/intruder. Antigens can be bacteria, viruses, or fungi that cause infection and disease.
Antibodies are protiens created by the body to fight bacteria, viruses, antigens. Anitbodies are created to kill the antigens.
2) Vaccines work by preparing the body to fight specific infections/viruses/bacteria/illnesses. Each vaccine contains either a dead or a weakened germ / bacteria / virus (or parts of it) that causes a particular disease. The body practices fighting the disease/antigen by making antibodies that recognize specific parts of that germ/bacteria in the event you do actually get it later on.
What is a nosocomial infection
Examples:
Why would you get this?
Difference between iatrogenic and nosocomial?
Nosocomial: Hospital acquired infection. Originating or taking place in a hospital, acquired in a hospital.
Examples: urinary tract infections, respiratory pneumonia, catheter, trach, surgical site wound infections, gastrointestinal and skin infections.
Why? There are so many body fluids in hospital, so many infected bodily fluids, so many tubes, lack of sanitation, etc. It is an easy place to get infected.
Difference: nosocomial (hospital) or iatrogenic (doctor-induced)
What can be done to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases … CONTROL OF TRANSMISSION:
- Wash hands / wear mask / wear gloves
- Get vaccinated (immunizations)
- Use antibiotics
- Cover mouth when coughing/sneezing
- Stay home if you have contagious s/s
- Prepare and store food properly
- Clean and disinfect places at home/car/work
- Safe sex
- Educate people
- Proper disposal (waste and sewage)
- Don’t share personal items
How are infectious diseases diagnosed
- Blood sample
- Urine test
- Throat swab
- Stool sample
- Biopsy
- Scans (CT, xray, MRI)
Explain:
1) Prevelence vs. incidence:
2) Etiology and risk factors:
3) Pathogenesis:
4) Clinical manifestations:
5) Medical management:
1) Incidence is # of new cases IN A GIVEN AMOUNT OF TIME, prevalence is how prevalent it is in the population (percent of the population)
2) The cause or how the infection / disease came about.
3) The development of the disease
4) These are the s/s … either Dr. notices them (signs: rash, fever, coughing, rash), or patient tells Dr. about them (symptoms: pain, discomfort).
5) How a disease or infection is treated (intervention) by the Medical provider.
Know generally each of the infections listed below, whether they fall into BACTERIAL, VIRAL, or MISC. INFECTIONS category:
Bacterial Infections
- Clostridium difficile
- Staphylococcal infections
- Streptococcal infections
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Gas gangrene
- Ghonneria
- Pseudomonas
Viral Infections
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Herpes
- HIV
- Viral respiratory infections
Miscellaneous Infectious Diseases
- Infections with prostheses and implants
- Lyme disease (bacteria)
- Sexually transmitted diseases (HIV = virus)
- Infections in drug users (Hep C)
Bacteria:
CSSSGP
Virus:
HHHHHV (Like HIV)
Misc:
SILI
Explain each of the BACTERIAL INFECTIONS below:
Clostridium difficile: (how to remember)
Staphylococcal infections (Staph infection):
Streptococcal infections (strep throat):
A
B
Gas Gangrene:
Pseudomonas: (how to remember)
Clostridium Difficile: Infection of colon … diaharreah and inflammation of colon. You take an antibiotic to stop inflammation … but it causes inflammation of the colon by the bacteria called Clostridium difficile and is very life threatening. From nosocomial or community diarrhea. (Remember: difficulty in the colon). Transmitted through fecal-oral route.
Staph Infection: Infection on the SKIN (often in the nose) from skin to skin direct contact with other person close to you, or from recent hospital visit (nosocomial), catheter. Bacteria can’t go through intact skin, but can through weak/damaged skin.
Strep Throat: Strep throat, bacteria in the throat causing it to inflame, swell, tonsils swell, fever, etc. Mainly found in children, often from respiratory droplets (sneeze/cough) or through touch.
A = scarlet fever, cellulitis
B = pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis
Gas Gangrene: Death of body tissue from loss of blood and bacteria infection … usually following trauma, war, or surgery. Need to do a debridement (remove dead tissue)
Pseudomonas: Bacteria growing in moist area … often in humidifiers or catheters … often causing infections of respiratory tract. Respiratory tract infection (How to remember: pseudo = false. Mona. Mona utah uses false humidifiers to stay warm, and thus bacteria grows there.
Explain each of the VIRAL INFECTIONS below:
Bloodbourne: - Hepatitis A - Hepatitis B - Hepatitis C (how to remember A, B, C) (which of the Hep's have NO vaccine)? - Herpes - HIV - Viral respiratory infections
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Miscellaneous Infectious Diseases (SILI) - Infections with prostheses and implants - Lyme disease (how to remember) - Sexually transmitted diseases - Infections in drug users
Bloodbourne:
Hepatitis A: Infection from a contaminated person (same as B and C below), but typically passed via contaminated food or water.
Hepatitis B: A virus that infects/attacks the liver, easily overcome with a vaccine, but can damage the liver. Passed when you contact another person’s blood or through anus/sex.
Hepatitis C: A virus that also infects the liver, passed through unclean needles/swabs .. passed from blood of infected person to you, and you may not even know (NO s/s).
(LIVER. A / Food, B / Sex, C / Needles … C you can’t see)
(Hep C has no vaccine)
- Herpes: A contagious virus around mouth or genitals from STD’s, causing genital / mouth pain. It is long term but not deadly. Associated with Epstien-Barr and Mono
- HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus - attacks a human immune system, so immune system won’t work properly. Spread by sexual contact. Never goes away.
- Viral respiratory infections: colds, flu, bronchitis that are VIRAL … viruses that spread. Also respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV).
______________________________
Miscellaneous Infectious Diseases (SILI)
- Infections with prostheses and implants: Prosthesis-related infection is a serious complication for patients after orthopedic joint replacement, which is currently difficult to treat with antibiotic therapy. Consequently, in most cases, removal of the infected prosthesis is the only solution to cure the infection.
- Lyme disease: Caused by a bacteria, Borrelia burgdorferi, that’s transmitted to humans through a bite from an infected black-legged or deer TICK. … Early signs and symptoms of Lyme disease include fever, chills, headache, fatigue, muscle weakness. (remember: Lyme is Amanda Nelson = tick)
- Sexually transmitted diseases: An infection transmitted through sexual contact, caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Having sex with someone infected.
- Infections in drug users: 9.2% of people older than 12 use drugs regularily. Huge risk for infection due to uncleaned needles.
1) How to tell Bacteria and Viruses apart?
2) Can viruses survive without a host?
Can bacteria survive without a host?
3) You would use antibiotics to fight viruses or bacteria?
4) T or F: antibiotics don’t effect viruses?
1) Viruses are much smaller: the largest of them are smaller than the smallest bacteria. All they have is a protein coat and a core of genetic material, either RNA or DNA. But Bacteria are pretty much full functioning independent cells that reproduce and have cell membranes. Unlike bacteria, viruses can’t survive without a HOST. They can only reproduce by attaching themselves to cells.
Most viruses lead to disease or infection, where not all bacteria do (you have TONS and TONS of bacteria in your body, and all around globe).
2) NO
YES
3) Bacteria (antiBiotics for Bacteria, B=B)
4) True
What is MRSA:
(How to remember)
Staph infections effect or are found on/in the _______
Staph infection (in skin or nose). A bacteria that is resistent to many different kinds of antibiotics. It is passed from touch, food, water, insects, saliva, etc.
(Mercy^2. have mercy - person beating you with a Staff. And it has NO mercy since it doesn’t respond to many antibiotics)
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) is an infection caused by a type of Staphylococcus, or staph, bacteria that’s resistant to many different antibiotics. These bacteria naturally live in the nose and on the skin and generally don’t cause any harm. However, when they begin to multiply uncontrollably, a MRSA infection can occur. These infections typically occur when there’s a cut or break in your skin.
MRSA is very contagious and can be spread through direct contact with an infected person. It can also be contracted by coming into contact with an object or surface that an infected person has touched. Though a MRSA infection can be serious, it may be treated effectively with antibiotics.
SKIN
She doesn’t require us to memorize a bunch of numbers or lab values, so don’t worry.
ok
Alopecia =
How to remember
Hair loss (baldness). Happens when immune system is weak and wrongfully attacks hair cells/follicles.
Remember: my roommate Al was balding
T or F: communicable means contagious?
True. Yes, it means you communicate with another person, or transfer / transmit / contagious.
** What did she teach you about the difference between signs and symptoms:
Signs: Something you can see, touch, feel, and MEASURE. Signs are objective and CAN be measured.
Symptoms: The pain that a patients feels, which is subjective, and the Dr. can’t see, feel, or measure. You can NOT measure symptoms.
What is Cell-Mediated Immunity:
Would cell-mediated immunity increase or decrease with age?
Cells in an immune response that does not involve natural antibodies (or produced antibiotics), but rather involves the activation of phagocytes, T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen. Basically the cells fight the infection themselves without the help of antibodies.
Decrease
