Quiz 1

Question 1

How is child development divided into domains?

Answer 1

three domains: physical, cognitive, and emotional/social

Question 2

We organize child development theories based on how they take a stand on what three basic issues?

Answer 2

1) Is the course of development continuous or discontinuous? 2) Does one course of development characterize all children, or are there many possible courses? 3) What are the roles of genetic and environmental factors—nature and nurture—in development?

Question 3

What is continuous development?

Answer 3

a process of gradually adding more of the same types of skills that were there to begin with

Question 4

What is discontinuous development?

Answer 4

a process in which new ways of under- standing and responding to the world emerge at specific times

Question 5

What do stage theorists assume?

Answer 5

that people everywhere follow the same sequence of development

Question 6

What are “contexts” of child development?

Answer 6

unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances that can result in different paths of change

Question 7

What ideas are central to John Locke’s philosophy of child development?

Answer 7

continuous development, nurture as main source of development, and high plasticity at later ages; children are a blank slate (tabula rasa)

Question 8

How does Rousseau describe children?

Answer 8

as “noble savages,” naturally endowed with a sense of right and wrong and an innate plan for orderly, healthy growth

Question 9

What is maturation as it is described in the book?

Answer 9

a genetically determined, naturally unfolding course of growth

Question 10

What ideas are central to Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s philosophy of child development?

Answer 10

discontinuous development, stage wise process, nature as main source of development

Question 11

What is developmental science?

Answer 11

Study of constancy and change throughout the lifespan

Question 12

What are the domains of developmental science?

Answer 12

1. Physical 2. Emotional and Social 3. Cognitive

Question 13

What is resilience?

Answer 13

The ability to adapt effectively to threats to development

Question 14

What are the stages of development?

Answer 14

Infancy and Toddlerhood - Birth to 2 years
Early Childhood - 2 to 6 years
Middle Childhood - 6 to 11 years
Adolescence - 11 to 18 years
Emerging Adulthood - 18 to 25 years

Question 15

How did John Locke view development?

Answer 15

child as “tabula rasa” • Experience shapes the child • Praise, not punishment is most helpful; CONTINUOUS

Question 16

How did Rousseau view development?

Answer 16

Jean-Jacques Rousseau:
children “noble savages” • Natural morality
• Stages of development; DISCONTINUOUS

Question 17

Who developed psychosexual theory?

Answer 17

Sigmund Freud

Question 18

What is the function of the Id?

Answer 18

Biological needs and desires; Present at birth

Question 19

What is the Ego?

Answer 19

Rational though; Develops in infancy

Question 20

What is the superego?

Answer 20

Conscience; Present in preschool years

Question 21

What is the oral stage identified by Freud?

Answer 21

Birth-1 year; Pleasure through oral stimulation

Question 22

What is the anal stage identified by Freud?

Answer 22

1-3 years

Pleasure centers on bowel/bladder control

Question 23

What is the phallic stage identified by Freud?

Answer 23

3-6 years; Pleasure in genital stimulation; battle Oedipus & Electra complexes

Question 24

What is the latency stage identified by Freud?

Answer 24

6-11 years; Sexual instinct calmed

Question 25

What is the general stage identified by Freud?

Answer 25

Adolescence- adulthood; Sexual instinct matures

Question 26

Who developed psychosocial theory?

Answer 26

Erik Erikson

Question 27

What are the stages called and the ages associated with them of psychosocial theory?

Answer 27

``` Trust vs. Mistrust • Birth – 1 year Autonomy/ Shame, Doubt • 1 – 3 years Initiative vs. Guilt • 3 – 6 years Industry vs. Inferiority • 6 – 11 years Identity vs. Confusion • Adolescence Intimacy vs. Isolation • Young adult Generativity/ Stagnation • Middle adult Integrity vs. Despair • Old age ```

Question 28

What is behaviorism?

Answer 28

Challenged psychoanalytic theories | Focus on directly observable events; Stimulus/response

Question 29

What is social learning theory and who developed it?

Answer 29

Built on behaviorism, Emphasized modeling ◦ Motivation ◦ Introduces role of cognition ◦ Self-efficacy Behavior modification; developed by Albert Bandura

Question 30

Who developed cognitive development theory and what is its main premise?

Answer 30

Jean Piaget; Reinforcers not necessary, | Children construct knowledge through interactions with their environment

Question 31

What are Piaget's stages of development?

Answer 31

Sensorimotor -- Birth–2 years Pre operational -- 2–7 years Concrete Operational -- 7–11 years Formal Operational -- 11 years and older

Question 32

What are information processing theories?

Answer 32

``` Brain as computer ◦ Input = sensory information ◦ Output = behavioral response No stages Children active in development ```

Question 33

What is developmental cognitive neuroscience?

Answer 33

Incorporates psychology, biology, neuroscience, & medicine to study the relationship between changes in the brain, cognitive processing, & behavior patterns

Question 34

What is ethology and who developed it?

Answer 34

the study of the adaptive value of behavior & its evolutionary history; Conrad Lorenz

Question 35

What is sociocultural theory and who developed it?

Answer 35

Transmission of culture between generations; Importance of social interaction Cognitive development is socially mediated; Lev Vygotsky developed it

Question 36

What is ecological systems theory and who developed it?

Answer 36

holds that development occurs within a complex, ever-changing environment; Urie Bronfenbrenner

Question 37

What are the two types of interview?

Answer 37

clinical and structured