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Quiz 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Pressure equals

A

force / area

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2
Q

You can increase pressure by

A

increasing force or decrease the area

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3
Q

You can decrease pressure by

A

decreasing force or increasing the area

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4
Q

If I double the diameter, I decrease the pressure by a factor of _______.
1 cm syringe, pressure @10 psi
2 cm syringe, pressure @ ______?

A

4

2.5

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5
Q

A Borden gauge is used to measure what?

A

Gas within a cylinder

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6
Q

You can still have pressure in tank even though reading zero due to

A

atmospheric pressure

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7
Q

1 atmosphere at 760mmHg is equal to

A

14 psi

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8
Q

If a tank has 14 psi, how much much pressure do you have to give in order to move the pin on the Borden gauge?

A

More than 14 PSI

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9
Q

Today atmospheric pressure is 760mmHg and tank read 50%, and I take it to mountains tomorrow in Denver where atmospheric pressure is 600, will that tank be fuller or emptier?

A

The tank will seem to be fuller on the borden gauge but the actual volume has not changed

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10
Q

If I take a tank from this room where it is 70 degrees and its reading 50% and I take that same cylinder outside at 20 degrees, how will the gauge read?

A

It will read lower (same concept as car tire pressure reading lower in the winter)

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11
Q

When I put an ETT in in a cold OR and inflate my cuff and I don’t measure pressure and now its in someone’s body and it has warmed up another 30 degrees, the pressure in that cuff has ________

A

increased. There is a relationship between temperature, pressure and volume

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12
Q

At the same depth in a fluid, pressure is exerted in _________

A

all directions

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13
Q

What is Pascal’s Principle?

A

The pressure applied to a confined fluid increases the pressure throughout the fluid by the same amount

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14
Q

What is an example of pascals principle we use on regular basis?

A

A-line – A fluid filled column attached to a catheter in an artery and there is a pressure variable pushing against that catheter. That pressure is then exerted unchanged throughout the fluid

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15
Q

You’re applying a pressure of 3 psi on the plunger of a syringe with a plugged up needle. How does the pressure in the barrel compare to the pressure in the needle

A

Equally (pascals principle)

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16
Q

What is laminar flow

A

fluids move without internal turbulence

type of fluid (gas or liquid) flow in which the fluid travels smoothly or in regular paths

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17
Q

What does turbulent flow mean?

A

It means there are eddies

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18
Q

Who is someone with turbulent flow?

A

Someone in AFIB (d/t left atrial appendage)

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19
Q

If the diameter gets smaller, what happens to the speed?

A

It increases

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20
Q

If I have a flow rate of 10 L/min through a 1 inch catheter and I decrease the catheter to 1/2 inch, what happens to the flow?

A

The flow rate increases because I am still giving the same amount of fluid over 1 minute

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21
Q

What is Bernoulli’s Law?

A

Pressure of a fluid varies inversely with speed, an increase in speed produces a decrease in pressure
(the faster the flow, the less pressure it exerts)

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22
Q

What is an example of a Venturi tube?

A

flow meter

Fluid speeds up as it meets constriction

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23
Q

What is viscosity?

A

a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow

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24
Q

What is Poiseuilles Law?

A

Determined that the laminar flow rate of an incompressible fluid along a pipe is proportional to the fourth power of the pipe’s radius

Radius is the PRIMARY factor that allows for flow rates

Radius is to the 4th power

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25
if I put a big IV in, I’m increases the radius to the 4th power to allow flow to
increase
26
Radius – wider = Length – shorter length = Pressure – applying pressure = Viscosity – thinner =
less resistance better flow rate increased flow rate easier to infuse
27
What is Reynolds number?
Prediction of when a flow will become turbulent
28
For a given liquid and tube there is a critical flow rate above which the flow will become turbulent.
* INVERSELY proportional to viscosity * Proportional to density * Proportional to the velocity * Proportional to tube diameter
29
Density is
mass per volume
30
If the density of the object is greater than the density of the fluid, it will
sink
31
If the density of the object is less than the density of the fluid, it will
float
32
A hydrometer measures what?
Specific gravity
33
What is specific gravity?
relationship between object density in relationship to water. Anything that has a value greater than 1 = higher specific gravity
34
What is LaPlaces law?
When a liquid is in contact with another surface, the curling creates a pressure difference can be used to explain why the “surface tension” on a blood vessel wall will depend on the radius of the vessel o Cylinder – greater wall tension o Spherical - blood vessel changed dynamics of wall tension (decreased the tension) – Aneurysm
35
La Place Law states that for cylinders, T = Pr What does T, P and r stand for?
``` T = wall tension P = pressure of a fluid within a cylinder r = radius ```
36
In a normal cylindrically shaped structure, as the radius increases, what happens to the wall tension?
Wall tension increases
37
What is zeroth law of thermodynamics?
2 objects A/B are same temperature. B/C are same temperature, therefore A/C are equal temperature (thermal equilibrium) and no heat will flow between A/C
38
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
o Endothermic process - energy flows into the system | o Exothermic process – energy flows out of they system
39
What is an example of an exothermic process?
SODA LIME – end of week, will be warm, chemical reaction from CO2 to soda lime is an exothermic process
40
Law of thermodynamics states that temperature will go
from higher temp to lower temp | Warm patient will lose heat to cold OR table
41
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
Heat spontaneously flows from a hot body to a cold body when 2 bodies are brought into thermal contact.
42
What is the third law of thermodynamics
It is not possible to lower the temperature of an object to absolute 0
43
When two bodies of unequal temperature are brought into contact, a flow of heat occurs until what happens?
the 2 temperatures are equal )from hot to cold)
44
What are the heat transfer %'s for each heat loss?
Convection - 30 Conduction - 20 Radiation - 40 Evaporation - 10
45
What is convection?
Heat transfer caused by the movement of a liquid or gas (30%) OR has constant flow of air – airflow across them, they are losing immense amount of heat. Heat goes from hot to cold.
46
What is conduction?
Transfer of heat by the direct interaction of molecules in a hot area with molecules in a cooler area (20%)
47
What is radiation?
Energy emitted from an object. (40%) Requires no physical medium or physical contact between the objects. If we took a body and put it in a container with no wind, body is 98 degrees and the air was 68 degrees, there will still be loss of heat
48
What is evaporation?
Heat loss through respiration (10%) | HME filters helps retain some heat
49
* Solid to liquid: * Liquid to solid: * Liquid to gas: * Gas to Liquid: * Solid to gas: * Gas to solid:
- Melting - Freezing - Vaporization - Condensation - Sublimation - Deposition
50
What is ohms law?
* The energy required to push electrons through a material is a measure of the resistance of the material to the passage of current. * The resistance R is measured in ohms (Ω)
51
What is Spectroscopy and Beers law>
The branch of science concerned with the investigation and measurement of spectra produced when matter interacts with or emits electromagnetic radiation
52
What are the 2 light forms and at what wavelengths?
Red light on pulse ox emits infrared light at 660 nanometers, while the other LED emits invisible infrared radiation at a wave length at approximately 905 nanometers.
53
on a pulse ox, deoxygenated absorbs more strongly at
660 nanometers
54
on a pulse ox, oxygenated hemoglobin absorbs more strongly at
905 nanometers
55
What is microshock?
the delivery of small amounts of current directly to the heart.
56
What amounts of microshock and produce vfib?
< 50 uA Never simultaneously touch an electrical device and a saline-filled central venous pressure catheter or external pacing wires (wear rubber gloves)
57
What is the threshold of perception?
1 mA
58
What is a Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter?
Used in circuits near water sources. GFCIs immediately (within 1 ms) disrupt the flow of current in the circuit if a change in current is detected
59
What is a disadvantage of using a ground fault circuit interrupter in the operating room?
it interrupts the power without warning
60
To decrease risk, operating rooms, electrical systems are ___________ from the grounded electrical supply through the use of isolation transformers
isolated
61
What are isolation transformers?
rely on magnetic inductance to transfer a current from the grounded electrical system to an ungrounded secondary system without the two systems physically contacting each other.
62
What do ungrounded systems in the operating room prevent
accidental shocks resulting from simply touching a single live wire
63
What is a line isolation monitor?
a device that alarms when a fault in an ungrounded system occurs.
64
The alarm set point for a line isolation monitor is usually between
2 and 5 mA. If the gauge reads between 2 and 5 mA, there probably is too much electrical equipment plugged into the circuit. If the gauge is reading >5 mA, it is likely that a faulty piece of equipment is present in the operating room.
65
Isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane numbers
Isoflurane 239mmHg sevoflurane 157 mmHg desflurane 669 mmHg

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