Quiz 1 Flashcards
(63 cards)
1
Q
Plato
A
What is x ?
Always starts out with this question
2
Q
Socrates
A
Accused of corruptions and worship the wrong gods
3
Q
Euthyphro
A
Priest
Self-proclaimed
4
Q
Aporia
A
Question is asked with no answer
5
Q
A def
A
In terms of Nec and Suf conditions
6
Q
What is philosophy ?
A
The love of wisdom
7
Q
What is the theory of knowledge ?
A
Epistemology
8
Q
Knowledge
A
That
How
9
Q
That
A
Theoretical
“Episteme”
10
Q
How
A
Practical
“Phronesis”
11
Q
Theory of knowledge
A
Scope
Sources
Nature (“def”)
12
Q
Sources
A
Experiences
Reasoning
13
Q
Experiences/Observation
A
Outer
Inner
14
Q
Outer
A
S . E
15
Q
Inner
A
Introspection
16
Q
Nature (“def”)
A
What is it to say that s knows that p2
In terms of Nec and Suf conditions
17
Q
Conditional
A
Contains a if claim
S -> T
18
Q
S
A
Antecedent
19
Q
Antecedent
A
Expr
Suf condition
20
Q
T
A
Consequent
21
Q
Consequent
A
Expr
Nec condition
22
Q
Epistemology
A
S believes that p …..
S takes it true that P
That p is the true-for-s taking (to be) true
23
Q
Metaphysics
A
It is true that P
That p is true being true
24
Q
Relativism
A
Truth
Moral
25
Truth
Knowledge
26
Moral
"Good"
27
Objections
Then learning/disagreement becomes unexplained
| "There is only truth-for-s is, then, also only true-for-s
28
Metaphysics
Theory of ultimate reality
General
Special
29
General
"Ontology"
30
Special
God(s)- philosophy of religion
World- cosmology
Soul (mind)- philosophy of mind
31
Explanandum
Needs the explanation
32
Explanans
Provides the explanation
33
Conclusion
Answer the question
34
To look for the conclusion then look for
Conclusion indicators
35
What is the most famous premise ?
I think
| Therefore, I am
36
Sets of truth-apt sentences
Arguments
C-e explanation
Neither
37
Arguments
```
Deductive or (deductively) valid
(Deductively) invalid
```
38
Deductive or (deductively) valid
```
Prove C (sound and non-circular)
Fail to prove c (unsound and fallacious)
```
39
(Deductively) invalid
Support C with a degree of probability
| Fail to support C (fallacious)
40
Support C with a degree of probability
Inductive (strong ... weak) (cogent)
| Adductive - IBE (strong ... weak) ['reason"]
41
Fail to support C (fallacious)
Informal
Formal
Relevance
Induction
42
Studies the question of whether an argumentis deductively valid, i.e. truth-preserving,or not.In a slogan: Logic studies the validity of arguments
Logic
43
An ____ shows that something is the case. It is designed to answer a questionor to settle an issue.Itconsists of one conclusion and one or more premises
Argument
44
The _____ of an argument state the reasons to accept the conclusion. Theyare intended to provide either proof, i.e.conclusive supporter gradual support of the conclusion
Premises
45
The _____ of anargument is what the premises are intended to prove or support. It answers the question of whether something is the case
Conclusion
46
“whether”
To determine the primary issue discussed in a text passage, oneneedsto identify the conclusion of the argument contained in it
Issue-indicator
47
“IF” (and every word with the same logical force, e.g.:) since, because, given (that), for (the reason that), (insofar) as, in view of, due to the fact that, in that, this is shown by, this is suggested by, this is implied by, this is entailed by, this is proved by, this is demonstrated by, this is established by, this is supported bythe view that, it may be concluded from, ...
Premise-indictors
48
“THEN” (and every word with the same logical force, e.g.:) therefore, ergo, so, thus, hence, consequently, accordingly, it follows that, this shows that, this suggests that, this implies that, this entails that, this proves that, this demonstrates that, this establishes that, this supports the view that, it may be concluded that, in conclusion, ...
Conclusion-indicators
49
It is impossible for its conclusion to be false if all its premises are assumed as true
All its premises, if assumed as true, guarantee the truth of its conclusion
An argument is (deductively) valid (or deductive )iff
50
One can never validly argue from all true premises to a
False conclusions
51
Sometimes an individual proposing an argument may believe (rightly or wrongly) that if the premises of the argument are all accepted as true, the conclusion also mustbe accepted as true. In effect, the proponent of the argument then believes (and intends the audience to believe) that the truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion. In this case, we say that the argument is being put forthas a deductively valid argument
Proposing a deductively valid argument
52
it is possible for its conclusion to be false if all its premises are assumed as true
All its premises, ifassumed as true, fail to guarantee the truth of its conclusion
In argument is (deductively) invalid iff
53
Venn-diagrams, truth tables, construction of interpretations, proof systems
Methods informal logic (systems) to determinethe deductive validity of arguments
54
An argument is ____ iff it is deductively valid, and all its premises are,actually, true (It follows thatthe conclusion of a sound argument is true. Why?)
Sound
55
An argument is ____ iff it is deductively valid, and some of its premises are, actually, false
Unsound
56
A sound argument ____ its conclusion
Proves
57
Unsound arguments and deductively invalid arguments their conclusions
Fail to prove
58
An argument is ____ iff either it is unsound, or it is deductively invalid,and it fails to support its conclusion
fallacious (a fallacy)
59
A deductively invalid argument that gradually supports its conclusion is either
Inductive
| Abductive
60
An _______ involves an inference from a sample to a target. It projects an observedpropertyof objectsof a kind (belonging to the sample) to some or even all objects of that kindoutside the sample (belonging to the target) . Its premises describe the observations madeabout the sample population; its conclusionstates the hypothesis that the property in question is likely (to some degree )also instantiated bythe members of the target.The strength of an inductive argument is mainly determined by two factors: (1) the sample size and (2) its representativeness.
inductive argument
61
An argument is _____ iff it is inductive, strong, and all its premises are, actually, true
Cogent
62
An ______ (IBE –inference to the best explanation) is an inference from observed “clues” to a hypothesis that best explainsthe sometimes-surprisingobservations made; it thus involvesthe formingor justificationof an explanatory hypothesis. The argument’s premises describe some observedeffects; its conclusion states the best (most likely adequate) explanation for what causes these effects
Abductive argument
63
At times, the individual proposing such an argument may believe (rightly or wrongly) that if the premises of the argument are all accepted as true, it should also be accepted that the conclusion is very probablytrue, though not certainly so. In effect, the proponent of the argument then believes (and intends the audience to believe) that the truth of the premisesmakes the truth of the conclusion of the argument very likely, but not certain. In this case, we say that the argument is being put forthas an inductively or abductively strong argument
Proposing an inductively or abductively strong argument
