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ARTHROLOGY > quiz #1 - intro > Flashcards

quiz #1 - intro Flashcards

1
Q

arthrology

A

study of joints

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2
Q

joint (articulation/ arthrosis)

A

point of contact between two bones, between bones & cartilage, between bones & teeth

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3
Q

kinesiology

A

study of motion in human body

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4
Q

arthrokinematics

A

movements that occur inside joint (roll, slide, spin)

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5
Q

osteokinematics

A

movement of body parts (flexion, extension, adduction)

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6
Q

collagen fibers

A

main component of CT, mostly found in fibrous tissues like cartilage, tendons, ligaments & skin

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7
Q

cartilage

A

flexible rubbery tissue made up of collagen & chondrocytes

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8
Q

articular cartilage

A

smooth white tissue that covers ends of bones where they form joints

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9
Q

articular capsule

A

CT surrounding joint

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10
Q

ligaments

A

bundles of collagen in parallel strips that connect one bone to another bone

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11
Q

joint - articulations definition

A

point of contact between two bones, between bones & cartilage, between bones & teeth
-their surfaces allow for varying degrees of movement
-joints of skeletal system hold bones together & allow for movement & flexibility

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12
Q

joint articulations - classifications (3)

A
  1. structure (how they look)
  2. function (how much movement occurs)
  3. biomechanical properties (how they move)
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13
Q

structural joints

A

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

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14
Q

functional joints

A

synarthrosis: immovable
amphiarthrosis: slightly moveable
diarthrosis: freely moveable (all synovial joints)

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15
Q

biomechanical properties

A

simple: two articulating surfaces (GH)
complex: two or more articulating surfaces with an articular disc / meniscus (knee/TMJ)
compound: three or more articulating surfaces (radiocarpal)

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16
Q

fibrous joints & types

A

no joint cavity
articulating bones held close together by dense, irregular CT with lots of collagen fibers
-sutures
-syndesmosis
-interosseous membrane

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17
Q

fibrous joints - sutures

A

between bones of skull
irregular interlocking edges composed of thin layer of dense irregular CT
act as shock absorber in skull
immovable/ synarthosis (slightly movable in infants)

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18
Q

fibrous joints - synostosis

A

type of suture joint that is replaced by bone as an adult -> complete fusion of two separate bones
synarthrosis, immovable because they have ossified (ex. frontal bone)

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19
Q

fibrous joints - syndesmosis

A

band / ligament, made of dense irregular CT arranged in a bundle
two joints surfaces are further away from each other
amphiarthrosis (ex. distal tibiofibular, teeth)

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20
Q

fibrous joints - interosseous membrane

A

substantial sheet of dense irregular CT
binds neighbouring bones & permits small amount of movement
amphiarthrosis (ex. between radius & ulna, tibia & fibula)

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21
Q

cartilaginous joints & types

A

no synovial cavity
little to no movement
articular bones tightly connected by hyaline / fibrocartilage
-synchondrosis
-symphysis
-epiphyseal cartilage

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22
Q

cartilaginous joints - synchondrosis

A

connecting material = hyaline cartilage
amphiarthrosis to synarthrosis
ossifies in adulthood & becomes synostosis
(ex. first rib & manubrium of sternum)

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23
Q

cartilaginous joints - symphysis

A

connecting tissue = hyaline cartilage; also has broad, flat fibrocartilaginous disc that connects bones
ALL occur in midline of body
amphiarthrosis
(ex. intervertebral joints, pubic symphysis)

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24
Q

cartilaginous joints - epiphyseal cartilage

A

not a joint but a growth within bone
covered with hyaline cartilage
not about movement but about growth
synarthrosis
*once bone elongation growth has stopped after puberty, epiphyseal plate closes & joint becomes synostosis joint

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25
synovial joints
fluid filled cavity = synovial cavity between articulating bones fluid = synovial fluid cavity covered by capsule; capsule made of dense irregular CT bones at ends of joints are covered by layer of hyaline cartilage that is smooth & slippery called articular cartilage allows for lots of movement = diarthrosis
26
articular cartilage function
reduces friction between bones & absorbs shock
27
articular capsule
covers entire synovial joint & encloses synovial cavity while uniting articular bones separates inside of joint from outside, has TWO membranes: -fibrous (outside) -synovial (inside)
28
articular capsule: fibrous membrane (outside)
dense irregular CT mostly collagen connects periosteum of articulating bones
29
articular capsule: synovial membrane (inside)
areolar CT with elastic fibers synoviocytes produce synovial fluid that contains hyaluronic acid
30
synovial fluid functions
lubricates synovial cavity reduces friction shock absorbers supplies oxygen & nutrients takes away wastes like carbon dioxide contains phagocytes to remove normal debris (or microbes from wear & tear)
31
synovial fluid: if joint is inactive...
synovial fluid becomes thicker & less viscous = main reason to warm up before activity stimulates production & secretion of more synovial fluid = less stress on joints
32
accessory ligaments
extracapsular: outside capsule intracapsular: inside capsule
33
articular disc
occur inside some synovial joints crescent shaped pad of fibrocartilage that lies between articulating bones -> called meniscus (knee) / articular discs
34
function of articular disc
-act as shock absorbers -make a better fit between articulating bones -distribute weight & synovial fluid over greater surface area -disc binds strongly to inside of fibrous membrane & often subdivides synovial cavity into two separate spaces, allowing separate movements (TMJ)
35
labrum
fibrocartilaginous lip that extends from edge of joint socket helps deepen socket & increases surface area of contact between ball & socket occurs in ball & socket joints of hip & shoulder
36
tendon sheaths
covering over tendon that reduces friction at joints tube-like bursa that wraps around some tendons especially around wrists & ankles contains small amount of synovial fluid reduces friction in common back & forth repetitive activites
37
tendon sheaths - transverse humeral ligament
holds biceps tendon has tendon sheath around it for protection & friction reduction
38
bursa
fluid filled sac lined with synovial membrane acts as cushion / protection around joint by reducing friction between skin & bones, tendon & bones, muscles & bones, ligaments & bones (where rubbing/ friction occurs) bursitis: inflammation of bursa around joint
39
6 types of synovial joints
plane (planar) hinge (ginglymus) pivot (trochoid) condyloid (ellipsoid) saddle (sellar) ball & socket (spheroid)
40
PLANE joints
flat/ slightly curved surfaces permit back & forth / gliding movements articular capsule around joints limits movement BIAXIAL or TRIAXIAL (ex. acromioclavicular & sternoclavicular)
41
HINGE joints
convex surface of one bone articulating into concave surface of another bone permits one type of movement in one plane: flexion & extension UNIAXIAL (ex. elbow, knee)
42
PIVOT joints
articulating surface is rounded / pointed surface of one bone articulating with ring formed by another bone allows for rotation only UNIXIAL (ex. atlantoaxial joint, radioulnar joint)
43
CONDYLOID joints
convex oval shaped projection of one bone fits into oval shaped depression of another bone two degrees of motion (flex, ext, ADD, ABD, circ) BIAXIAL (ex. radiocarpal joint)
44
SADDLE joints
articular surface of one bone is saddle shaped, other surface fits in saddle two planes of motion (flex, ext, ADD, ABD, circ) BIAXIAL (ex. carpometacarpal joint (trapezium and the thumb))
45
BALL & SOCKET joints
ball shaped surface of one bone fitting into cuplike depression of another bone movement in many directions (rotation) TRIAXIAL / MULTIAXIAL (ex. GH, hip)
46
factors affecting contact in synovial joints
1. structure/ shape of articulating bones, how closely they fit together 2. strength, tension, tautness of ligaments around joint, restrict ROM 3. arrangement & tension of muscles 4. contact of soft parts, may limit mobility 5. hormones: relaxin produced near birth increases pubic symphysis joint 6. disuse: restricts movement, decreases synovial fluid, muscles atrophy, joint becomes less mobile & flexible
47
synovial joint movements
uniaxial: one plane (elbow) biaxial: two planes (metacarpophalangeal) triaxial: all three planes (GH)
48
joints surfaces move around one another - described in 3 ways:
roll spin slide/glide
49
ROLL
one articular surface rolls on another ex. femur rolls on tibia
50
SLIDE
one articular surface slides on another ex. femur slides on tibia
51
SPIN
one bone moves but axis remains stationary ex. femur spins on tibia
52
nerve supply to synovial joints
-contain nerve endings distributed throughout capsule & close by ligaments -some nerve endings convey info about pain from joint to spinal cord to brain -other nerve endings respond to degree of movement & stretch at joint -spinal cord & brain respond by sending impulses through different nerves (motor nerves) to mm to adjust body movements
53
blood supply (synovial joints)
-articular cartilage = avascular -fibrous capsule & ligaments have poor blood supply -synovial membrane = highly vascularized with blood capillaries (deliver oxygen & nutrients to inside of joint)
54
four main types of movement
gliding angular movements rotation special movements
55
gliding
simple movement bone surfaces move back & forth / side to side on one another movement limited due to capsules, ligaments & bone shapes ex. intercarpals & intertarsals
56
angular motion
change angle between two articulating bones ex. flexion/extension, lateral flexion, hyperextension, abduction/adduction, circumduction
57
hyperextension (angular motion)
found in hinge joints (elbow, interphalangeal, knee) motion prevented by ligaments & bone alignment
58
special movements
(only occur at certain joints) -elevation/depression -protraction/retraction -inversion/eversion -dorsiflexion/plantarflexion -radial deviation/ ulnar deviation -supination/pronation -opposition
59
elevation & depression
elevation: superior motion, moving up depression: inferior motion, pressing down
60
protraction & retraction
protraction: to draw outwards retraction: to draw inward
61
inversion & eversion
inversion: turn inward / medially eversion: turn outward / laterally
62
dorsiflexion & plantar flexion
dorsiflexion: toward superior surface - standing on heels plantar flexion: toward inferior surface - standing on toes
63
radial & ulnar deviation
radial: ABD wrist away from midline ulnar: ADD wrist toward midline
64
supination & pronation (hand)
supination: palm turned upward pronation: palm turned downward
65
supination & pronation (foot)
supination: inversion, plantar flexion, ADD pronation: eversion, dorsiflexion, ABD
66
opposition
movement of thumb across hand to touch fingertips combination of: flexion, ADD, internal rotation
67
range of motion (ROM)
measurement of amount of movement around specific joint measured in degrees
68
2 common ways to measure ROM
PASSIVE (relaxed): therapist makes motion of joint while patient is relaxed & does not contract mm - anatomical barrier = end of PROM ACTIVE: patient "actively" contracts voluntary mm crossing joint, moving joint through ROM - physiological barrier = end of AROM
69
CLOSED packed position
when articulating bones have their MAXIMUM area of contact with each other = maximum congruency joint capsule becomes twisted, surfaces fully approximated -maximum contact, mobility, stability joint stability = greatest injury in close packed: fracture/ dislocation
70
OPEN (loose) packed position
when joint surfaces become separated, have little congruity & minimal joint surface contact joint capsule relaxed & untwisted joint is under least amount of stress (which is why we most joint mobs in resting position) =MINIMAL stability injury in loose packed: sprains & strains, swelling occurs
71
capsular pattern of restriction
predictable pattern of movement restriction occurs in synovial joint when entire joint capsule is injured / affected result = total joint reaction only joints controlled by mm have capsular pattern pattern is MOST restricted to LEAST restricted
72
should (GH) capsular pattern of restriction
lateral rotation ABD medial rotation
73
proprioception
sensation that tells our brain where our body is in space
74
KINESTHESIA
perception of body movements sensory info travels to brain relaying info about what our joints are doing, where our head & limbs are, how they are moving sensory info is picked up by specialized receptors = proprioceptors, imbedded in mm & tendons especially surrounding our joints
75
PROPRIOCEPTORS (3 types in & around joints)
muscle spindles: within skeletal mm tendon organs: within tendons joint kinesthetic receptors: within synovial joint capsule
76
proprioceptors: muscle spindles
monitor changes in LENGTH of skeletal muscle -finely controlled/ precise movements: fingers & eye movements, mm spindles are plentiful (reading music / playing instrument) -course / forceful movements: thigh muscles, mm spindles are fewer (deadlifts) *only mm that lack muscle spindles = tiny muscles of EAR
77
proprioceptors: GTO
located at junction of tendon / mm or musculotendinous junction protect tendons & their associated muscles from damage due to excessive tension by initiation tendon reflex when mm contracts, it exerts a force that pulls points of attachment
78
proprioceptors: joint kinesthetic receptors
monitor stretch in synovial joint & send info to brain for response -present in & around articular capsules of synovial joints
79
free nerve endings (joint kinesthetic receptors)
in joint's CT
80
Ruffini corpuscles (joint kinesthetic receptors)
in tendons: in joint capsules, slow adapting, respond to pressure
81
small Pacinian corpuscles (joint kinesthetic receptors)
in skin & tendons, fast adapting, in CT outside articular capsules, respond to acceleration & deceleration of joints during movement
82
joint ligaments (joint kinesthetic receptors)
contain receptors similar to tendon organs that adjust reflex inhibition of adjacent mm when excessive strain is placed on joint
83
common joint disorders (arthropathies) - SPRAIN
stretching / tearing of ligament
84
common joint disorders (arthropathies) - DISLOCATION
joint alignment is interrupted abnormal separation of joint
85
common joint disorders (arthropathies) - SUBLUXATION
partial / incomplete dislocation of joint
86
common joint disorders (arthropathies) - BURSITIS
inflammation of bursa around joint
87
common joint disorders (arthropathies) - TENDINITIS
inflammation of tendon / tendon sheath
88
common joint disorders (arthropathies) - ARTHRITIS
inflammation of joint, caused by age related degeneration, past trauma, inflammatory/ immune disease, metabolic diseases (gout)
89
effects of aging on joints
-decreased production of synovial fluid -decreased joint space -articular cartilage becomes thinner -ligaments shorten & lose some of their flexibility -muscles weaken & weaken joints
90
what are the first joints affected during aging & joint degeneration?
hips, knees, L-spine (weight bearing joints)

ARTHROLOGY (11 decks)

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