quiz 1 part 2 Flashcards
1
Q
toward the chest/stomach
A
ventral
2
Q
toward the back (backbone)
A
dorsal
3
Q
toward the front end
A
anterior
4
Q
toward the back end
A
posterior
5
Q
above
A
superior
6
Q
below
A
inferior
7
Q
toward the side
A
lateral
8
Q
toward the middle
A
medial
9
Q
toward the nose
A
rostral
10
Q
toward the tail
A
caudal
11
Q
farther away in attachment to body
(Hand is ____ to your elbow bc its farther away in attachment)
A
distal
12
Q
closer in attachment to body
(elbow is ____ to hand because its closer in attachment)
A
proximal
13
Q
1 side of the body
(ex. left leg)
A
unilateral
14
Q
both sides of body
(ex. left leg and right leg)
A
bilateral
15
Q
same side of the body (left leg and left arm)
A
ipsilateral
16
Q
opposite side of body
(ex. left leg and right arm)
A
contralateral
17
Q
cutting horizontally (like cutting head off)
A
cross section
18
Q
divide the body on the vertical line
A
sagittal plane
19
Q
front part of the brain
like cutting the face off
A
frontal/coronal plane
20
Q
A section cut down the center of the brain, between the two hemispheres
(seeing one hemisphere)
A
midsagittal plane
21
Q
the division of the ner- vous system located within the skull and spine
A
central nervous system
22
Q
divisions of CNS
A
brain and spinal cord
23
Q
the division located outside the skull and spine
A
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
24
Q
divisions of PNS
A
somatic and autonomic nervous systems
25
part of the PNS that interacts with the external environment
somatic nervous system
26
carry sensory signals from the skin, skeletal muscles, joints, eyes, ears, and so on, to the central nervous system
(going toward something, advance approach)
sensory nerves
afferent nerves
27
carry motor signals from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscles.
(going away from something, exiting, escape)
motor nerves
efferent nerves
28
part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the body’s internal environment.
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
29
project from the brain
include purely sensory nerves such as the olfactory nerves (I) and the optic nerves (II), but most contain both sensory and motor fibers.
cranial nerves
30
The three protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord
meninges
31
what are the meninges
dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater
32
(tough mother)- the tough outer meninx/membrane
dua mater
33
spider-web-like membrane Immediately inside the dura mater
arachnoid membrane
34
space which contains many large blood vessels and cere- brospinal fluid;
subarachnoid space
35
(pious mother)- the innermost meninx which adheres to the surface of the CNS.
pia mater
36
fills the subarachnoid space, the central canal of the spinal cord, and the cerebral ventricles of the brain.
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
37
purpose of CSF
supports and cushions brain
38
a mechanism impedes the passage of many toxic substances from the blood into the brain
This barrier is a consequence of the special structure of cerebral blood vessels.
blood-brain barrier
39
5 major divisions of human brain
telencephalon
diencephalon
mesencephalon
metencephalon
myelencephalon
40
parts of the metencephalon
pons and cerebellum
41
bulge on the brain stem's ventral surface
pons
42
large, convoluted structure on the brain stem’s dorsal surface. It is an important sensorimotor structure
cerebellum
43
parts of mesencephalon (midbrain)
tectum and tegmentum
44
in midbrain
responsible for auditory and visual reflexes
ROOF
dorsal
tectum
45
relays inhibitory signals to the thalamus and basal nuclei to prevent unwanted body movement.
FLOOR
ventral
tegmentum
46
he gray matter situated around the cerebral aqueduct
good for pain
periaqueductal gray
47
parts of the diencephalon
thalamus and hypothalamus
48
The sensory relay
Superior to midbrain
sends messages to cortex
thalamus
49
is located just below the ante- rior thalamus
plays an important role in the regulation of several motivated behaviors (e.g., eating, sleep, and sexual behavior).
How we handle stress responses
Pituitary gland is connected
hypothalamus
50
regulates growth, metabolism, and reproduction through the hormones that it produces.
pituitary gland
51
lobes of cerebral cortex
occipital lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, insula
52
performs the analysis of visual input to guide our behavior
occipital lobe
53
per- ceiving the location of both objects and our own bodies and in directing our attention.
parietal lobe
54
involved in hearing and language, the inferior ____ cortex identifies complex visual patterns, and the medial portion of_____ cortex (which is not visible from the usual side view) is important for certain kinds of memory.
temporal lobe
55
performs complex cognitive func- tions, such as planning response sequences, evaluating the outcomes of potential patterns of behavior, and assess- ing the significance of the behavior of others
frontal lobe
56
involved in the regulation of motivated behaviors—including the four F’s of motivation: fleeing, feeding, fight- ing, and sexual behavior.
Mostly subcortical parts of telencephalon, forebrain
limbic system
57
structures of limbic system
amygdala and hippocampus
58
play a role in the performance of voluntary motor responses and decision making
Subcortical parts of telencephalon, forebrain impt for movement
basal ganglia
59
what are the 5 divisions of brain divided up
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
60
what makes up the hindbrain
medulla (myelencephalon), pons, & cerebellum (metencephalon)
61
what makes up the forebrain
telencephalon
diencephalon
62
hidden lobe
impt for emotions and internal feeling states
insula
63
support system of the brain
contains CSF
ventricular system
64
where is the hippocampus
in the telencephalon, forebrain
65
nervous system that maintains body organs
parasympathetic nervous system
66
nervous system focusing on the 4 F's
sympathetic nervous system
67
nervous system in gut
connected to the brain by the vagus nerve
enteric nervous system
68
what makes up the myelencephalon
medulla
69
what makes up the telencephalon
it’s actually the cerebrum most of the brain
70
what makes up the reticular formation?
medulla and pons
71
what makes up the raphe system?
medulla and pons
72
involved in a variety of functions—including sleep, attention, movement, the maintenance of muscle tone, and various cardiac, circulatory, and respiratory reflexes.
it's like an interstate getting all of this info from nerves that go up to the brain aka big apple
reticular formation
73
the primary location in the brain for the production of the neurotransmitter serotonin,
raphe system
74
where is substantia nigra
midbrain
75
area in midbrain that is responsible for production of dopamine
responsible for Parkinson's
substantia nigra
76
2 cerebral hemispheres
(part of telencephalon; forebrain)
outer part of the brain
largest part of the brain
cerebrum
77
sulcus/fissures
grooves
78
gyrus
bumps
79
Connects both sides of the brain
corpus collosum
80
where does the central canal go through
spinal cord
81
CSF flows in where?
ventricles and canals
82
extra CSF in centricles
hydrocephalus
83
when blood fills up the subdural space
subdural hematoma
84
inflammation of the meninges
meningitis
85
nervous system organization
Sensory (afferent) input comes in (PNS job)
Integrates input into body (CNS)
Motor output of some sort (PNS)
86
Receptors are specialized to pick up some kind of info
sensory neuron
87
What does the energy
from the stimulus actually do to the
sensory receptor?
neural transmission
88
sensitivy to stimuli arising outside the body
exteroception
89
translating the stimulus info to a neural signal
transduction
90
they are selective for one kind of info
selective transducers
91
detecting a stimulus (interaction between sensory receptor & environment
sensation
92
interpretation of sensation
perception
93
The “experience” of color
Requires environmental and body/brain factors
94
our ability to perceive colors as relatively constant over varying illuminations
color constancy
95
why do our eyes have a blind spot
no rods or cones
96
part in brain that tries to make sense of info
cortex
97
a system is the area of sensory cortex that receives most of its input directly from the thalamic relay nuclei of that system.
Organizing which info goes to which sensory
Higher level association
primary sensory cortex
98
a system comprises the areas of the sensory cortex that receive most of their input from the primary sensory cortex of that system or from other areas of secondary sensory cortex of the same system.
Organizes the info in one sense
Ex. Understanding what the sound is; understanding that the sound is speech
secondary sensory cortex
99
Sensitivity to stimuli arising inside
the body
ex. knowing when you're hungry
interoception
100
the sense that lets us perceive the location, movement, and action of parts of the body
proprioception
101
what are the autonomic system's needs?
making sure everything inside the body is running okay
you aren't constantly thinking about this, your body automatically does it
102
what's in charge of ANS and why?
hypothalamus bc of homeostasis
103
what connects to the brain from the gut?
vagus nerve
104
Develops over time in development
More bacteria to cells (10 to 1), most of the bacteria is in the gut
Use the bacteria for good things
□ Regulates digestion
□ Extracts nutrients
Gut bacteria make 95% of serotonin
Bacteria influences what u eat
microbiome
105
Can we treat mental health
problems with gut bacteria?
yesssss
