Quiz 1 - Positioning, Skelatal System

Question 1

Define Caudal

Answer 1

Towards the tail

Question 2

Define cranial

Answer 2

Towards the head

Question 3

Define dorsal

Answer 3

Towards the back

Question 4

Define ventral

Answer 4

Toward the belly

Question 5

Define rostral

Answer 5

Towards the nose
(rostral like nostril)

Question 6

Define Medial

Answer 6

Toward the middle of the body (down the chest)

Question 7

Define lateral

Answer 7

Opposite to medial. Away from the middle

Question 8

Define proximal

Answer 8

Toward the truck when referring to limbs

Question 9

Define distal

Answer 9

Away from the trunk when referring to limbs

Question 10

List the five primary functions of bone

Answer 10

Support soft tissue and organs
To protect vital tissue and organs
Leverage and a caution (to be used as attachment points for tendons)
Storage for minerals
Blood cell formation

Question 11

Define osteoblasts

Answer 11

A cell that secretes the matrix for bone formation
A cell within the endosteum that is responsible for increasing bone width and fracture repair

Question 12

Define osteoclast

Answer 12

A large bone cell which absorbs bone tissue during growth and healing

Question 13

List the four basic bone shapes and give examples of each.

Answer 13

Long., example: femur, humerus
Short. Example: carpal, tarsal
Flat. Example: pelvis, scapula
Irregular. Example: vertebrae, maxilla

Question 14

List the four types of synovial joints and give an example for each

Answer 14

Hinge joints: elbows, stifle
One joint swivels around another
Gilding joints: carpus, tarsus
Rocking motion of one bone on another
Pivot joints: axis, atlas
one bone rotated in another
Ball and socket: shoulder, hip
Allows six types of synovial joint movement

Question 15

List six different ways that joints move

Answer 15

Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Rotation
Circumduction

Question 16

How many bones are there in the human body?

Answer 16

206

Question 17

How many average bones are in the dog?

Answer 17

319

Question 18

How many average bones are in the cat?

Answer 18

230

Question 19

Name some main body systems

Answer 19

Circulatory system
Digestive system
Endocrine system
Lymphatic/ immune system
Muscle system
Nervous system
Renal/urine system
Reproductive system
Respiratory system
Skeletal system

Question 20

Name and define the anatomical planes of reference

Answer 20

Median: it bisects the body vertically through the midline marked by the naval, dividing the body exactly on left and right side
Sagittal: any plane parallel to the median plane
Transverse: divides front and back, right through the middle vertically
Dorsal/coronal/frontal: divides top and bottom

Question 21

Name the different body cavities and what they contain

Answer 21

Dorsal: contains the brain and spinal cord
Ventral: contains the soft organs or viscera which includes the chest and abdomen
Thoratic cavity: is covered with a membrane of pleurum and includes the heart, lungs, and associated blood vessels

Question 22

What are the two types of bones structures and what is the difference

Answer 22

Cancellous and compact bones. Cancellous are light and spongy whereas compact are dense and hard

Question 23

What is most bones covered by?

Answer 23

A membrane called periosteum

Question 24

What is the outer layer of bone composed of?

Answer 24

Fiberous tissue

Question 25

What does the inner layer of bone contain?

Answer 25

Endoseteum which contains osteoblasts

Question 26

What does recumbency refer to?

Answer 26

The position in which the client is lying

Question 27

Name the purpose and two types of bone marrow.

Answer 27

Fills the space between bones. The two types are yellow and red bone marrow

Question 28

Describe red marrow.

Answer 28

Red marrow is predominant in young animals and is responsible for blood cell formation. In older animals red bone marrow is normally confined to the ends of long bones and in larger bones such as the pelvis

Question 29

Describe yellow bone marrow

Answer 29

Commonly seen in adults and does not produce red blood cells however it can revert to hematopoietic areas to do that when needed like during parasitism

Question 30

What are articular surfaces?

Answer 30

Smooth areas of compact bone that come in contact with smooth surfaces and other bone and are covered in by a line cartilage

Question 31

What are condyles?

Answer 31

Large round articular surfaces
Can be you above the tibia and fibula on the bottom of the femur

Question 32

Facet

Answer 32

Flat articular surface

Question 33

What are processes

Answer 33

Projections off the bone surface name depends on location in the body

Question 34

Types of vertebrae

Answer 34

Cervical (neck), thoracic (long bones behind the shoulder), lumbar (middle of ribs to hips), sacral (bum), caudal (tail (tail get CAUght-dal)