Quiz 1 Slides (Lecs. 1-4)

Question 1

What are the parts in the tissue engineering triad?

Answer 1

cells, signals, scaffold

Question 2

tissue repair

Answer 2

restore a damaged area of tissue

Question 3

tissue regeneration

Answer 3

creation of tissue identical to that lost

Question 4

How can cells be extracted from fluids and tissues?

Answer 4

isolated enzymatically or mechanically

Question 5

autologous cells/tissues

Answer 5

obtained from the same individual

Question 6

allogenic cells/tissues

Answer 6

genetically different but from the same species

Question 7

xenogenic cells/tissues

Answer 7

derived from a member of another species

Question 8

stem cells

Answer 8

undifferentiated cell of multicellular organism from which other kinds of cells arise by differentiation

Question 9

what are types of scaffolds?

Answer 9

synthetic, naturally derived, ceramics, metals

Question 10

An organ is composed of …

Answer 10

multiple tissue types

Question 11

A tissue is composed of …

Answer 11

multiple cell types

Question 12

What is the average size of cells?

Answer 12

10 microns

Question 13

What do proteins do?

Answer 13

bind to DNA (gene expression), bind to RNA to make more protein, exhibit enzymatic activity

Question 14

What is the basic structure of proteins?

Answer 14

Central carbon attached to amino group (NH2), carboxyl group (COOH), H, and R group

Question 15

What are condensation reaction used for in proteins?

Answer 15

forming a long chain of amino acids

Question 16

Primary structure of proteins

Answer 16

succession of amino acids

Question 17

Secondary structure of proteins

Answer 17

3-D arrangement of alpha helix or beta-pleated sheets

Question 18

Tertiary structure of proteins

Answer 18

folding of the alpha helix

Question 19

Quaternary structure of proteins

Answer 19

arrangement of more than one protein chains

Question 20

What are the four classes of molecules within mammalian cells?

Answer 20

proteins, lipids, sugars, nucleic acids

Question 21

What are the 2 basic parts of a phospholipid?

Answer 21

hydrophilic head and 2 hydrophobic tails

Question 22

What biomolecule gives cellular membranes flexibility?

Answer 22

cholesterol

Question 23

Why are sugars important

Answer 23

provide energy (broken down to produce ATP)

Question 24

What are the common monosaccharides?

Answer 24

Glucose, Galactose, Fructose

Question 25

What are the common disaccharides?

Answer 25

Sucrose(glucose and fructose) Lactose (galactose and glucose) Maltose (glucose x2)

Question 26

What are the 3 major components of nucleic acids?

Answer 26

sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) phosphate nitrogen base

Question 27

What is the central dogma of biology?

Answer 27

DNA > RNA > Protein > Trait Transcription > Translation

Question 28

What is charged tRNA?

Answer 28

It binds a codon so a ribosome can transfer amino acid onto peptide chain

Question 29

What are 2 differences between DNA replication in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

Answer 29

Prokaryotes - site of DNA replication is protoplasm while euks is in the nucleus Eukaryotes - double helix DNA

Question 30

Define homeostasis

Answer 30

steady state equilibrium where cell has loss is balanced by cell renewal

Question 31

Define ECM

Answer 31

extracellular matrix where cells live

Question 32

What are the 2 layers blastula organizes itself?

Answer 32

Inner cell mass that becomes embryo Trophoblast becomes placenta

Question 33

What are the 3 germ layers form?

Answer 33

Endoderm - rise to epithelium Mesoderm - rise to muscle, bone, connective tissue Ectoderm - gives rise to skin cells

Question 34

When does the epithelial to mesenchymal transition occur?

Answer 34

In development During wound healing During tissue regeneration in cancer progression

Question 34

What do tissues consist of?

Answer 34

Cells and ECM

Question 35

What is are the three steps in histology?

Answer 35

Tissues are fixed, sectioned thinly, and stained w/ dyes

Question 35

How are tissues classified?

Answer 35

based on structure and function of cells

Question 36

What are the four types of induction?

Answer 36

Instructive - interactions with signaling cells Permissive - environment needs to change Reciprocal - 2 tissues signal each other Negative - cells restrict potential

Question 37

What are the four main categories of tissue?

Answer 37

Epithelial Muscle Nervous Connective

Question 38

What are common extracellular fluids?

Answer 38

Water Electrolytes Dissolved O2 and CO2 Small Organic Molecules

Question 39

What are the two most common types of fibers?

Answer 39

collagen and elastin

Question 40

Which type of collagen is most abundant in the human body?

Answer 40

Type I

Question 41

Which type of collagen forms basement membranes?

Answer 41

Type IV

Question 42

What are the mechanical properties of elastin?

Answer 42

Elastin can stretch several times its normal length and then recoil to original shape

Question 43

What are growth factors?

Answer 43

Signaling proteins used for cell communication, immune function

Question 44

What are cytokines?

Answer 44

unique family of small signaling proteins

Question 45

What are interleukins?

Answer 45

family of cytokines secreted by leukocytes that affect cell response of leukocytes

Question 46

What do integrins do?

Answer 46

Promote cell adhesion to ECM

Question 47

What are tight junctions?

Answer 47

membranes of adjacent cells fuse and form impermeable barriers

Question 48

What are adhering junctions?

Answer 48

lying below tight junctions; cells held together by anchors; "zippers'

Question 49

What are desmosomes?

Answer 49

cell anchors that enable cells to stay in place; helped by cadherins

Question 50

What are gap junctions?

Answer 50

holds cells together and allows materials to pass directly from cell to cell