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Cell and Tissue Engineering > Quiz 4 Slides (Lecs. 16-18) > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Slides (Lecs. 16-18) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a bioreactor?

A

a containment device system that gives the right environment for optimal growth and metabolic activity of an organism?

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2
Q

What are 2 tissue engineering processes that a bioreactor can be used for?

A

can induce mechanical stimulation to encourage differentiation, or improve long term cell distribution in a scaffold

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3
Q

What are 5 functions of bioreactors?

A
  1. Provide spatially uniform cell distribution
  2. Maintain the desired conc. of gases and nutrients in culture medium
  3. Facilitate mass transport to the tissue
  4. Expose the construct to physical stimuli
  5. Provide info about the formation of 3D tissue
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4
Q

What are bioreactors commonly used in tissue engineering?

A

compression/strain bioreactors, spinner flask, rotating-wall vessel, hydrostatic pressure bioreactors, flow perfusion bioreactor

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5
Q

What are the bioreactor design requirements in TE?

A
  1. bioreactor material contacting the media must be biocompatible and bioinert to avoid adverse reaction
  2. simple as possible - device should avoid the introduction of machine recesses/crevices (breading ground for infections)
  3. motors/pumps must be able to apply small forces accurately
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6
Q

Spinner flask

A

bioreactor used for seeding of cells into bioscaffolds; scaffolds are suspended from the end of needles in the flask and are rotated by the motor

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7
Q

Rotating wall vessels

A

wall of the vessel rotates, providing upward hydrodynamic drag force that balances the downward gravitational force so that bioscaffolds remain suspended in media

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8
Q

Compression bioreactor

A

used in cartilage tissue engineering and motor/mechanism to provide precise displacement magnitudes and freqeuncies

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9
Q

Strain bioreactor

A

used in tendon, ligament, bone, cartilage tissue; similar to compression bioreactors, only a tensile force is applied instead

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10
Q

Hydrostatic pressure bioreactor

A

consists of a chamber that can withstand applied pressure

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11
Q

Flow perfusion bioreactor

A

provide the best fluid transport; consists of a fluid pump that forces media through the cell seeded scaffold

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12
Q

Stirred Tank bioreactor common use

A

used for production of antibiotics and enzymes; has a stirrer

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13
Q

Stirred Tank bioreactor advantages

A

low operating cost, good temperature control, continuous operation

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14
Q

Stirred Tank bioreactor disadvantages

A

shear forces can break the cells, many working parts that need to periodically replaces, size limited by motor size and shaft length

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15
Q

Airlift bioreactor common use

A

used for production of antibiotics and enzymes; central draft tube is critical part

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16
Q

Airlift bioreactor advantages

A

easy sterilization, simple design, low energy vs stirred tank, greater heat removal vs stirred tank

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17
Q

Airlift bioreactor disadvantages

A

foaming can be an issue

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18
Q

Packed Bed Bioreactor common use

A

used in waste water treatment; produce proteins and enzymes

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19
Q

Packed Bed Bioreactor advantages

A

no moving parts to wear out, higher conversion per unit mass of biocatalyst

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20
Q

Packed Bed Bioreactor Disadvantages

A

poor temperature control, difficult to clean, difficult to replace catalyst

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21
Q

1st Degree Burn

A

only epidermis involved; healing within a week

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22
Q

2nd Degree Burn

A

penetrate epidermis and part of dermis; healing in 7-21 days

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23
Q

3rd Degree Burn

A

destroyed epidermis and dermis; may look black/charred

24
Q

4th Degree Burn

A

involves deeper tissues such as bone, tendon, muscle; no feeling since nerves are destroyed

25
Q

What are the four functions of skin?

A
  1. Protection
  2. Heat Regulation
  3. Sensation
  4. Secretion
26
Q

What are the major layers of skin?

A

Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis (Subcutaneous layer)

27
Q

What are the 2 main cell types in the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes (majority) and melanocytes

28
Q

What is the stratum corneum?

A

epidermal layer that consists of flattened dead cells called corneocytes that acts as a barrier to protect underlying tissue from infection, dehydration

29
Q

What is the stratum basale?

A

epidermal layer that is primarily made up of basal keratinocyte progenitor cells

30
Q

Differentiation of cells in the stratum basal layer

A

cells in the stratum basal can either remain as keratinocyte progenitor cells or they can differentiate into spinosum keratinocytes into granular keratinocytes into corneocyte

31
Q

What are the 5 main components of the dermal layer?

A
  1. dermal fibroblasts
  2. hair (follicle and shaft)
  3. arrector pili muscles (causes hair to stand erect)
  4. glands (sebaceous and sweat)
  5. blood vessels
32
Q

What is the hypodermis?

A

deepest part of the skin; subcutaneous fat layer pads and thermally insulates the body

33
Q

What are the primary cells found in the skin?

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells

34
Q

What are the types of ECM and structure proteins found in the skin?

A

collagen, elastin, GAGS, HA, vessels, nerves

35
Q

What are melanocytes?

A

neural crest derived cells that are important for skin tone; contain melanosomes that contain melanin

36
Q

Why is melanin important?

A

protection against UV radiation; absorbs UV-B light

37
Q

Cross talk

A

critical stimulation between fibroblasts and keratinocytes is important to maintain skin homeostasis

38
Q

What are 2 motivations for creating engineered cardiovascular tissue?

A

cardiac infarction (leads to necrosis of heart tissue) and high demand for heart transplants

39
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

the membrane enclosing the heart; has an outer fibrous layer and inner serous membrane layer

40
Q

Coronary arteries

A

the blood supply of the heart muscle which branches off directly from the aorta

41
Q

Heart valves

A

4 of them; interconnecting rings of dense connective tissue that all lie on the same plane

42
Q

What are the 2 approaches to tissue engineer a heart?

A

decellularize scaffolds from other species and then seed cells onto it
OR
engineer polymeric scaffolds to mimic the structure and mechanical properties of a biological scaffold

43
Q

What are 2 techniques that can be used to deliver biomaterials in cardiac applications?

A
  1. Injectable hydrogels
  2. Sew on cardiac patches
44
Q

What cell type would be used to create a cardiac patch?

A

alginate or collagen type I

45
Q

What are the 2 purposes for cardiac patches being glutaraldehyde treated?

A
  1. crosslinks collagen fibers > improving mechanical strength
  2. minimizes antigenicity
46
Q

What are 3 current heart valve treatment options?

A
  1. mechanical valves
  2. bioprosthetics
  3. Ross procedure
47
Q

What is the Ross procedure?

A

taking patients healthy pulmonary valve, using it to replace the diseased aortic valve and a mechanical valve is placed in the weaker (less pressure) pulmonary position

48
Q

Veins

A

carry blood toward the heart; less muscular than arteries; valves to prevent blood backflow

49
Q

Arteries

A

carry blood away from heart to tissues; muscular walled; not valves

50
Q

What are the 3 layers of blood vessel anatomy?

A

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia

51
Q

Tunica Intima

A

very thin blood vessel layer; contains the endothelium and basal membrane; endothelial cell types

52
Q

Tunica Media

A

largest layer of a blood vessel containing collagen and elastin fibers; cell types: fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells

53
Q

Tunica Adventitia

A

outer most layer of blood vessel made mostly of collagen and acting as a support; cell types: fibroblasts

54
Q

For blood vessel bioreactors, why do we need to have a physiological pulse rate and pressure?

A

Pulse rate (60 BPM) and pressure (120/80) because we want the cells we seed to have the correct phenotype

55
Q

What is compliance?

A

ability of a hollow organ to increase in volume with increasing pressure (ease of expansion)

56
Q

Why is compliance important when engineering a blood vessel?

A

vascular graft success rates are influence by the compliance mismatch; compliance values should match those of the native vessels

Cell and Tissue Engineering (6 decks)

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