Quiz #11 Flashcards
(46 cards)
1
Q
Characteristics of language
A
- a code; system of symbols
- represent ideas about the world
- conventional - shared by speaking community
- systematic - rules and regulations for use
- use arbitrary symbols
- generative - speakers create novel utterance
- dynamic - change over time
- universal characteristics - noun, verb, adjective, and rules
2
Q
Content
A
- aka semantics
- meaning of language
- meaning of words in combination (e.g., dog barks)
3
Q
Form
A
- aka grammar
- shape or form of the language
4
Q
Phonology
A
study of phonemes, the smallest units in a language system
5
Q
Morphology
A
study of morphemes, smallest units of meaning in a languge
6
Q
Syntax
A
structures of sentences, word order, and sentence organization
7
Q
Use
A
- aka pragmatics
- practical use of language; in what manner the language is used with others
- example of a pragmatic rule: “in conversation, it is appropriate to take turns”
8
Q
Perisylvian Region
A
- border sylvian fissure (lateral fissure)
- inferior frontal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, some of middle temporal gyrus, inferior parietal lobe
9
Q
Auditory comprehension of language steps
A
- cochlea to CNC via CN VIII
- CNC to thalamus
- thalamus to PAC
- PAC to Wernicke’s
- Wernicke’s to BA 44 of Broca’s
10
Q
Heschl’s gyrus
A
- location: PAC
- activates with sound
- left PAC - sensitive to speech sounds
- right PAC - sensitive to pitch
- planum temporale: posterior superior temporal gyrus (Wernicke’s)
- planum porale: useful for acoustic signals
11
Q
Temporal lobe processing
A
- take-away: superior temporal gyrus is highly connected to the inferior frontal gyrus
- dorsal and ventral streams (aka dual stream) - information flows back and forth between them
12
Q
Cornea
A
outer layer of eye
13
Q
Pupil
A
opening at center iris
14
Q
Iris
A
colored part of eye
15
Q
Dilate
A
pupil opens to increase amount of light into eye
16
Q
Constrict
A
pupil shrinks to decrease amount of light into eye
17
Q
Parasympathetic component
A
pupils dilate with nervousness
18
Q
Lens
A
- helps focus light via changing shape
- accommodation - change of lens shape
- binocular cues
- lens project the light onto retina
19
Q
Binocular cues
A
use of both eyes (i.e., convergence)
20
Q
Retina has coding for
A
color, shape, movement
21
Q
Optic chiasm: nasal
A
refers to portion of the eye closest to the nose
22
Q
Optic chiasm: temporal
A
refers to portion of eye closest to the temple
23
Q
Optic chiasm
A
- about 60% of axon from optic nerve cross over
- nasal side crosses over, temporal side does not cross
- all right visual field information crosses over to left side of the brain and vice versa
24
Q
What are optic nerves called after optic chiasm?
A
optic tract
25
Steps of visual comprehension of language (reading)
1. eyes to lateral geniculate nucleolus (LGN) of thalamus via optic tracts
2. LGN to visual cortex via geniculocalcarine tract
3. visual areas to ventral and dorsal streams of vision
26
3 cortical areas involved in reading
parietotemporal system
occipitotemporal system
anterior reading system
27
Parietotemporal system
word analysis - decoding semantics
28
Occipitotemporal system
word form recognition: sight reading
29
Anterior reading system
word analysis - decoding syntax, low-frequency words, silent reading
30
Oral production of language steps
1. decision to speak formed in PFC
2. decision sent to Broca's for language encoding and speech planning
3. speech plans sent to supplementary motor areas (SMA 6), which activates the plans
4. SMA 6 sends to motor cortex, which sends activated plans to speech muscles
31
Written expression of language steps
1. decision to write formed in PFC
2. decision sent to Broca's area for language encoding
3. writing plans sent to premotor area, forming grapheme motor plans
4. premotor area sends to motor cortex, sends plans to hand muscles
5. areas 5 and 7 aid visual spatial elements of writing
32
Aphasia
an acquired multimodality language disorder
33
Acquired aphasia
caused by stroke, brain injury, etc.
34
Multimodality aphasia
problem in multiple language modalities (listening, speaking, reading, writing)
35
Language
the symbolic code we use to communicate
36
Disorder
language system does not function as it should
37
Expressive language problems symptoms
agrammatism
anomia
jargon
neologism
paraphasia - literal/phonemic, verbal/semantic
verbal stereotypes
agraphia
38
Receptive language problems symptoms
auditory comprehension loss
alexia
39
Broca's aphasia
- aka expressive aphasia
- difficulty finding & saying right word
- repeating words and phrases is effortful
- speech labored & telegraphic
- difficulty writing
- understand better
- weakness in arms/legs; hemiparesis
- increased frustration
40
Transcortical aphasia
- stroke impacts but does not directly affect Broca's
- difficulty finding and saying right word
- repeats words and phrases well
- difficulty with sentence structure & functor words (articles & preposition)
- speech might have consistent words (nouns & verbs)
- speech slow, halting, lacks intonation
- comprehension often intact or mildly impacted
- writing impaired; similar to speech
41
Global aphasia
- most severe, reduced, nonfluent speech
- profound impairment of language comprehension
- may produce long and confusing utterances with neologisms
- may limit spoken utterances to spontaneous greetings & single words, inconsistently appropriate
42
Wernicke's aphasia
- aka receptive/fluent aphasia
- speech is fluent and long utterances but likely do not make sense
- speaking rate & intonation are intact
- increased paraphasic errors, neologisms
- comprehension is repaired
43
Transcortical sensory aphasia
- fluent speech but often contains paraphasic errors; increase use of concrete nouns compared to adjectives
- severe comprehension difficulties
- repetition intact, often echolalic
- reading out loud contaminated but better than reading comprehension
44
Conduction aphasia
- speaks fluently, struggles to repeat words or phrases, substitutes phonemic paraphasic errors
- confrontation naming impaired, frequently attempt to self correct results in choppy speech
- comprehension usually intact
45
Anomic aphasia
- fluent, grammatically correct speech with difficulty finding correct words, especially nouns and verbs
- repetition generally intact
46
Alexia and aphasia
- people with peripheral alexia (pure, neglect, attention, or visual) do not have a co-occurring aphasia
- people with central alexia (surface, deep, or phonological) typically have a co-occurring aphasia
