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Neural Processes > Quiz #3 > Flashcards

Quiz #3 Flashcards

(41 cards)

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1
Q

3 layers of meninges

A

pia mater
arachnoid
dura mater

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2
Q

Spinal cord

A

means for communication from brain to the body and body to the brain

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3
Q

Pia mater

A

inner meninge

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4
Q

Arachnoid

A

web-like, filled with cerebral spinal fluid (CSF); spinal fluid in spinal cord

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5
Q

Dura mater

A

tough, outside layer

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6
Q

5 sections of the spinal cord

A

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
coccygeal

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7
Q

Cervical

A

neck

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8
Q

Thoracic

A

chest

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9
Q

Lumbar

A

lower back

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10
Q

Sacral

A

pelvis

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11
Q

Coccygeal

A

tailbone

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12
Q

What type of information does the spinal cord convey?

A

motor (efferent) and sensory (afferent) information between brain and body

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13
Q

Where do spinal nerves emerge from?

A

the spinal cord

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14
Q

What do the spinal nerves innervate?

A

parts of the neck and below the neck

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15
Q

Basic structure of the spinal cord

A
  • white matter regions
  • dorsal column/funiculi
  • ventral column/funiculi
  • lateral column/funiculi
  • gray matter regions
  • dorsal horn/funiculi
  • ventral horn/funiculi
  • lateral horn/funiculi
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16
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A
  • collection of neuronal cells
  • signals to CNS from PNS (afferent)
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17
Q

Dorsal ramus

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A

part of spinal nerve after the nerve exits intervertebral foramen

18
Q

Foramen

19
Q

Upper motor neuron (UMN)

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A
  • originates in the brain (cerebral cortex & brainstem)
  • sends signal down spinal cord
  • “commands” the movement
  • located in CNS
20
Q

Damages that are associated with UMN’s

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A

spasticity, hyperflexia

21
Q

Hyperflexia

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A

can’t get muscle to move down, spastic joint

22
Q

Lower motor neuron (LMN)

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A
  • originates in the spinal cord
  • directly control the muscles by sending signals on to the muscles & glands; comes in spinal cord
  • “carries out” the action; UMN tells LMN to do something, LMN tells muscles what to do
  • located in PNS
23
Q

Damages that are associated with LMN’s

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A

flaccid paralysis, muscle atrophy, decreased reflexes

24
Q

What are motor tracts?

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A

path neurons take from brain down spinal cord so they can tell the muscles what to do

25
Rubrospinal tract
- originates in midbrain - decussates (crosses over) in ventral midbrain - inputs into ventral horn (on spinal column) - modulates flexor tone in upper limbs and shoulder; ability of movement and tone of muscles; not lower limbs - terminates cervical/thoracic regions so does not impact lower limbs
26
Spinal cord function
- relaying efferent and afferent information between body and brain - mediating reflexes through the reflex arc
27
Reflexes
- controlled at levels of spinal nerves & bcord - signal goes to spinal cord and returns via reflex arc - muscle stimulated --> muscle spindles detect the stretch --> info is sent through sensory neurons to dorsal root (gray matter) --> info sent to special neurons "interneurons" --> motor message sent via ventral root for muscle contraction
28
Spinal cord injury
- damage to the spinal cord, often through traumatic causes (ex: car accidents, falls) - vehicular accidents account for 40% of cases - can result in either paresis (some function) or plegia (paralysis) - damage can be complete or incomplete
29
Paraplegia/paraparesis
involves the legs
30
Quadriplegia/quadriparesis
involves arms and legs
31
Brainstem parts
midbrain: most superior pons: middle medulla: lowest
32
Brainstem functions
- regulating major life functions (ex: heart beat, respiration) - mediating head and neck reflexes (ex: gag) via cranial nerves - regulating alertness and wakefulness
33
Medulla
- lowest part of brainstem - first structure we enter as we are going up the spinal cord - sits ventral (anterior) to cerebellum - connects to cerebellum via inferior cerebellar penduncle - anterior surface is pyramids, contain descending motor tracts and olive. - contains nuclei - reflexes mediated: vomiting, coughing, gagging, and swallowing
34
Pons
- superior to medulla, inferior to midbrain, and anterior to cerebellum - inch length and bulbous - connected to cerebellum, middle cerebellar peduncle - acts as "bridge" relaying tracts cerebral cortex, cerebellum and lower structure, medulla & spinal cord
35
Superior olivary nucleus and lateral lemniscus
important function in auditory information
36
Ventral pons aka basilar
corticospinal and corticopontine tracts run vertical through area
37
Colliculus/tectum
contains inferior colliculus (auditory processing) and superior colliculus (visual processing)
38
Tegmentum
- dorsal part, actually spreads length of brainstem but portions form midbrain - tracts and nuclei are important for motor control and sensory processing - nuclei include substantia nigra (where dopamine is produced), red nucleolus (coordination of movement), recticulum formation (consciousness, sleep-wake cycle, cardiovascular and respiration), periaqueductal gray matter (suppressing pain)
39
Cerebellum
- "little brain" - consists of two hemispheres connected by the vermis - three lobes: anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular - contains gray - tightly folded, forms cerebellar cortex (folia), looks like the head of a cauliflower - white matter - beneath cerebellar cortex; within dentate, embiloform, globose, and fastigia nuclei - 3 ways to subdivide cerebellum: anatomical, zones, functional
40
Motor functions of cerebellum
- helps in planning, monitoring, and correction of motor movement using sensory feedback - coordinates fine motor activity - monitors head and body position - participates in learning of new motor skills
41
Linguistic functions of cerebellum
perception of speech/language, verbal working memory, verbal fluency, grammar processing, writing, and reading

Neural Processes (11 decks)

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