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Neuroscience > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

Imaging Techniques for Animals

A

-Patch Clamp
-Single Unit Recording
-Intracranial Electrodes

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2
Q

Imaging Techniques for Humans preparing for brain surgery

A

-Single Unit Recording
-Intracranial electrodes

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3
Q

Imaging Techniques for Humans

A

-Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
-Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
-Electroencehpalography (EEG)
-Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

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4
Q

Patch Clamp

A

-Very good temporal and spatial resolution
-Allows measurement of current through individual channels or whole cells with micropipetts
-Uses neurotransmitter property

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5
Q

Single Unit Recording

A

-Micropipette is placed near but outside neuron
-Uses property of electricity
-Action potentials can be picked up
-Great temporal resolution
-Spatial resolution worse than patch clamp, but still great

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6
Q

Intracranial electrodes

A

-Electrodes are inserted into brain via skull for neurosurgery on epilepsy
-Uses electricity property
-Good temporal resolution and spatial resolution
-Spatial resolution worse than Single Unit recording
-Can get info from deeper structures
-Con: Invasive, impaired population only, clinical decision for electrode placement, few locations across patients

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7
Q

fMRI

A

-Uses blood property
-High spatial resolution but low temporal resolution (hundreds of ms)
-Must avoid ferrous metals (iron-like attracted to magnetic field)
-Very expensive

-Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood have different properties
-Neurons call up oxygenated blood when they fire
-Changes in the magnetic field can be read by the machine

-Uses subtraction to compare activation under different conditions

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8
Q

PET

A

-Brain consumes 20% of all oxygen
-Oxygen is radioactively marked
-As it decays, neutrons release
-Colliding neutrons form positrons that can be sensed outside body
-Uses blood property
-Lower spatial resolution than fMRI
-Low temporal res.

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9
Q

EEG

A

-Uses electricity property
-Scalp electrodes pick up and amplify a current
-If the electrical signal is timelocked to a stimulus, the signal is called ERP, Event-related potential
-Spatial res is terrible
-Great temporal res

-Cons: only can get responses from cortex, not deeper structures

-Very noisy

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10
Q

MEG

A

-Magnetic fields created by firing neurons can be read outside head
-Better spatial resolution than EEG, same temporal
-Uses magnetic property

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11
Q

Techniques that directly manipulate functions of neurons

A

Electro-Cortical Stimulation (brain surgery humans)
TMS (humans)

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12
Q

Electro Cortical Stimulation

A

-Neurosurgery patients awake and able to give responses
-Homonculus and motor system discovered with this
-Uses electricity property
-Not normal brain functioning pts
-Processing area vs. part of circuit

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13
Q

TMS

A

-Magnetic property
-Creates temporary lesions
-Magnetic pulses activate or inhibit brain parts

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14
Q

ERP

A

P300: New events
boop… boop… boop… beep…
N400: Semantic violations
I like my coffee with cream and dog
P600: Syntactic violations and ambiguities
The horse ran past the barn fell
LAN: Syntactic violations
The goose was in the ran

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15
Q

Trilaminar

A

Ectoderm (skin and nervous system)

Mesoderm (muscles, skeleton, connective tissue)

Endoderm (digestive and respiratory tract)

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16
Q

Neural tube becomes

A

brain (rostral 2/3) and spinal cord (caudal 1/3)

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17
Q

Neural tube differentiates into

A

alar plate and basal plate

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18
Q

Alar plate

A

Sensory portions of spinal cord (dorsal horn)

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19
Q

basal plate

A

motor portions of spinal cord (ventral horn)

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20
Q

Prosencephalon

A

Telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and limbic lobe)

Diencephalon
(thalamus and hypothalamus)

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21
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Midbrain

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22
Q

Rhombencephalon

A

Hindbrain (pons, medulla, and cerebellum)

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23
Q

Growth cone

A

used by neurons to seek appropriate connections through attractive and repulsive chemical cues

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24
Q

Pruning

A

Decreasing the excess number of neurons and connections

critical for learing

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25
Motor cortex
controls volitional movement
26
Premotor cortex
Involved in planning of actions and complex movements Sends most connections to primary motor cortex and some to spinal cord
27
Mirror neurons
-Neurons that fire when performing and action and watching someone perform same action -In premotor and somatosensory cortex -Could be used in speech perception
28
Primary motor cortex
-Generates actions -can cause simple movements -inputs from somatosensory cortex, -Proprioceptive input in same area as area that controls muscles in one area
29
Cortical representation
-Motor functions topographically mapped -Size of cortical area related to precision of control -Is experienced based, can change
30
Motor equivlance
similar tasks can be scaled using different muscle groups because planning is an abstract concept
31
Basal ganglia
-Regulates the motion you want to make through direct pathway -decreases the undesired motions through indirect pathwAY -contributes to learned movements -refines motor actions
32
nucleus accumbens
critical structure for reward involved in addiction
33
Substantia nigra
-Major source of dopaminergic neurons - inhibits indirect pathway for more excitation and movements -excites excitatory pathway for more movement and excitiation -Less dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra means less movement for parkinsons
34
Dopamine
-critical for reward and addiction -loss leads to parkinsons
35
GABA
Major inhibitory neuron for indirect pathways of basal ganglia
36
Cerebellum
-10% of brain volume but over half of the brain's neurons -Between spinal cord and motor cortex -Modifies cortically generated motor plan -corrects on-going movements -Important for speech production and timing and coordination of articulators -Has two hemispheres
37
Vermis (median)
Governs: -Posture -Locomotion -Gaze
38
Paramedian
Governs: -Distal muscles of limbs and digits
39
Lateral hemisphere
-Input only from cerebral cortex -Involved in planning and mental rehearsal of complex actions -Involved in conscious monitoring of movements -Output to motor cortex is mediated by dentate nucleus -Allows conscious assessment of movement errors
40
Anterior lobe
-Motor tone -Walking position
41
Posterior Lobe
-Cortically directed skilled movements
42
Flocculonodular lobe
Important for equilibrium and eye movements
43
Cerebellar peduncles
-connect cerebellum and brainstem -Inferior, middle, superior -40:1 afferent to efferent
44
Vestibulocerebellar
-Inferior peduncle -Maintain upright posture
45
Dorsal spinocerebellar
unconscious proprioception inferior peduncle
46
Olivocerebellar
inferior peduncle -information from contralateral motor cortex
47
Cuneocerebellar
proprioception -inferior peduncle
48
Middle cerebellar peduncle
-afferents from motor cortex -Inputs for visual and auditory info
49
Efferent pathways
-from deep cerebellar nuclei -Project to brainstem, thalamus, and motor cortex -allows cerebellum to mediate motor activity
50
Corticospinal tract
Controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles -projections from pre and primary motor cortices, and sensory cortex
51
Lateral corticospinal tract
-Contralateral control -More distal
52
Ventral corticospinal tract
-bilateral and ipsilateral -More central trunk muscles
53
Corticobulbar
-Controls head and facial muscles via cranial nerves -Upper face uses bilateral connections -Lower face uses contralateral
54
Dorsal horn
Sensory fibers
55
Ventral horn
motor fibers
56
Dorsal ramus
sensorimotor function in posterior body
57
Ventral ramus
sensorimotor function in anterior body
58
Alpha motor neurons
-Major spinal neurons -9 to 16 micro meters in diameter -Innervates about 200 muscle fibers each -rapid impulse conduction -Involved in involuntary and reflexive movements of head, trunk, and extremities
59
Gamma neurons
-Smaller diameter -Slow impulse conduction -Modulate muscle responses
60
Neuromuscular junction
-Motor neurons synapse onto muscles -Motor neurons release acetylcholine -This causes and action potential in muscle fiber -Muscle fiber contracts
61
Interneurons
Integrate both sensory and motor functions -facilitates and sharpens motor neuron activity
62
Spinal reflexes
Handled by a sensory motor loop where interneurons connect sensory and motor nerves

Neuroscience (13 decks)

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