quiz 2

Question 1

purpose of research designs

Answer 1

• provides plan to aid in problem solving, answering qts, testing hypothesis
• allows researcher to apply different levels of control so it can be suggested that it was the independent variable that influenced the dependent variable

Question 2

research design includes

Answer 2

plans, structure, and strategy

Question 3

control

Answer 3

measures that hold the conditions steady and avoid possible influence of bias on dependent variable or outcome

Question 4

extraneous (mediating) variables

Answer 4

interferes with operation of the phenomena being studied (age & gender)

Question 5

keeping control

Answer 5

• use of homogenous sample
• use of consistent data-collection procedures
• manipulation of independent variable
• randomization

Question 6

internal validity

Answer 6

• asks if it is the independent variable that caused or resulted in the change in the dependent variable

Question 7

threats to internal validity

Answer 7

• history
• maturation
• testing effects
• instrumentation effects
• mortality
• selection bias

Question 8

external validity

Answer 8

qts conditions under which the findings can be generalized; deals with the ability to generalize the findings outside the study

Question 9

threats to external validity

Answer 9

• selection effects (who)
• reactive effects (where-how)
• measurement effects (how-when-what)

Question 10

experimental and quasiexperimental designs differ from nonexperimental one since…

Answer 10

research actively seeks to bring about the desired effect and does not passively observe behaviours and actions

Question 11

need to consider what with experimental and quasiexperimental

Answer 11

feasibility of conducting the study

Question 12

(experimental/quasi) use a design that

Answer 12

• is appropriate to research question
• maximizes control
• holds conditions of study constant
• establishes specific sampling criteria
• maximizes level of evidence

Question 13

examples of experiemental/ quasi

Answer 13

• what is hte effect dancing have on an indvidiuals mood
• how does educating nurses about substance use effect their attitufes towards substance users

Question 14

maximizing control

Answer 14

• rule out extraneous variables…
  
  • homogeneous sampling
  • constancy in data collection
  • manipulation of the independent variable
  • randomization

Question 15

experimental design types - level 2 evidence

Answer 15

true experimental design (statistical approach to establishing a cause-and-effect relationship between different variables)
after-only design
solomon four-group design

Question 16

experimental design features

Answer 16

• randomization of participants to control or treatment groups
• control: independent variable -> dependent variable
• mainpulation of independent variable

Question 17

Experimental Design Advantages and Disadvantages

Answer 17

• Most appropriate for testing cause-and-effect
  relationships
• Provides highest level of evidence for single studies
• Not all research
  questions are amenable
  to experimental manipulation or
  randomization
• Participant mortality
  (especially control
  group participants)
• Difficult logistics in
  field settings

Question 18

quasi design types level 3 evidence

Answer 18

• nonequivalent control group design
• after only nonequivalent control group design
• one group (pretest-posttest) design
• time series design

Question 19

typical quasi design

Answer 19

• select 2 groups based on pre-existing characteristics
• divide each group in half
• compare performance with and with variable
• disadvantage (pre-existing differences can confound results)

Question 20

quasi design advantages and disadvantages

Answer 20

• practical and more feasible (clincial settings)
• some genrealizability
• difficult to make clear cause-and-effect statements
• not randomized
• may not have control group to compare

Question 21

nonexperimental design rationale

Answer 21

-used in studies to:
- construct picture of phenomenon at one point or over a period of time
- explore ppl, places, events or situations as they naturally occur
- test relationships and differences among variables

Question 22

nonexperimental research designs

Answer 22

• survey studies
• relationship or difference studies

Question 23

survey studies

Answer 23

• exploratory
• descriptive
• comparative

Question 24

relationship or difference studies

Answer 24

• correlational studies
• developmental studies

Question 25

3 different types of developmental studies

Answer 25

- cross-sectional studies - longitudinal/prospective studies - retrospective and ex post facto studies

Question 26

nonexperimental design advantages

Answer 26

- difficulty explaining cause-and-effect relationsips - important to develop knowledge base on phenomenon of interest - important designs when randomization, control, and manipulation are not appropriate or possible - useful in forcasting or making predictions

Question 27

meta-analysis vs systematic review

Answer 27

strict scientific process that synthesizes the findings from several separate studies in a specific area and statistically summarizes the findings to obtain a precise measure of the effect

Question 28

epidemiological studies

Answer 28

- exmaine factors affecting the heath and illness of populations in relation to environment - investiage the distribution, determinants, and dynamics of health and disease - often prevalence or incidence focussed

Question 29

objectivity

Answer 29

—the use of facts without distortion by personal feelings or bias

Question 30

Accuracy

Answer 30

means that all aspects of a study systematically and logically follow from the research problem.

Question 31

Feasibility

Answer 31

is the capability of the study to be successfully carried out. When review study, consider feasibility, including availability participants, timing of research, time required for participants to take part, costs, and analysis of data

Question 32

homogenous sampling

Answer 32

participants should demonstrate homogeneity, or similarity with regard to the extraneous variables relevant to the particular study

Question 33

Constancy

Answer 33

for the purpose of collecting data for the study, each participant is exposed to the same environmental conditions, timing of data collection, data-collection instruments, and data-collection procedures

Question 34

selection effects

Answer 34

is when the researcher cannot attain the ideal sample population

Question 35

Reactivity.

Answer 35

is defined as the participants' responses to being studied

Question 36

measurement effects.

Answer 36

Administration of a pretest in a study affects the generalizability of the findings to other populations; the resulting changes

Question 37

Solomon four-group design

Answer 37

a research design that attempts to take into account the influence of pretesting on subsequent posttest results

Question 38

after only design

Answer 38

measures of the independent variable are only taken after the experimental subjects have been exposed to the independent variable.