quiz 3

Question 1

what is population

Answer 1

a well defined set that has certain properties

Question 2

2 identifying population descriptors

Answer 2

• inclusion (eligibility) criteria
• exclusion (delimitations) criteria

Question 3

sampling

Answer 3

selecting a portion or subset of the designed population to represent the entire population

Question 4

a sample is a

Answer 4

set of elements that make up the populatoin

Question 5

an element is

Answer 5

most basic unit about which information is collected

Question 6

representative sample is

Answer 6

one whose key characteristics closely approximate those of the population

Question 7

types of sampling strategies

Answer 7

• nonprobability (nonrandom)
• probability (randomization of sample, more likely to be representative of population)

Question 8

nonprobability sampling examples

Answer 8

convenience, quota, purposive, network or snowball effect, maximum variation

Question 9

probability sampling examples

Answer 9

simple random, stratified random, multistage (cluster), systematic

Question 10

importance of data collection methods

Answer 10

success of a research study depends on the quality of the data collection methods chosen and implemented

Question 11

consistency

Answer 11

achieved by measuring data in same manner for each participants

Question 12

data collection protocol is needed to ensure

Answer 12

intervention fidelity

Question 13

who needs to be trained to ensure following protocol

Answer 13

co-investigators and assistants

Question 14

consistency ensures

Answer 14

interrater reliability

Question 15

sources of data

Answer 15

biological and physical indicators of health

psychosocial variables

Question 16

data collection strategies

Answer 16

• physiological or biological measurements
• observational methods
• interviews
• questionnaires
• records or available data
• photovoice

Question 17

observational methods

Answer 17

• concealment without intervention/with intervention
• no concealment without intervention/with intervention

Question 18

measurement tools

Answer 18

open-ended questions
closed-ended questions (true/false)

Question 19

qualitative data analysis

Answer 19

process used to answer the research question

Question 20

overall goal of qualitative data analysis

Answer 20

make meaning out of massive amounts of data

Question 21

data reduction

Answer 21

• ongoing process as data is collected
• organized into meaningful clusters
• memos are kept to help organize data
• data is coded
• codebook is used to organize codes into lists
• researcher immerses self in the data during this stage

Question 22

thematic analysis

Answer 22

process of recognizing and recovering the emergent themes

Question 23

data display

Answer 23

organized, compressed assembly of information that permits conclusion drawing and action
- graphs, flow charts, matrixes, model

Question 24

conclusion drawing

Answer 24

description of the relationship b/w themes
- patterns/themes
- clustering
- counting
- contrast/compare
- note relationships

Question 25

verification occurs

Answer 25

as the data is collected

Question 26

3 criteria for rigour

Answer 26

credibility, auditability, fittingness

Question 27

credibility

Answer 27

truth of findings as judged by participants and others within the discipline (member checking)

Question 28

auditability

Answer 28

accountability as judged by the adequacy of information leading the reader from the research question and raw data through various steps of analysis to the interpretation of findings

Question 29

fittingness

Answer 29

faithfulness to the everyday reality of the participants, described in enough detail so that others in the discipline can evaluate the importance for their own practice, research, and theory development

Question 30

nominal measurement

Answer 30

classify objects or events into categories (gender, marital status, religious)

Question 31

ordinal measurement

Answer 31

shows relative ranking of objects; numbers assigned to each category can be compared, and a member of a higher category is said to have more of a certain attribute than one in a lower category - intervals are not necessary (class ranking, military rank)

Question 32

interval measurement

Answer 32

shows ranking of events or objects on a scale with equal intervals between the numbers - zero point is arbitrary (temperature scales, pH)

Question 33

ratio measurement

Answer 33

shows rankings of events or objects on scales with equal intervals and absolute zeros (weight, blood pressure, height)

Question 34

highest level of measurement

Answer 34

ratio measurement - usually only achieved in physical sciences

Question 35

what is descriptive stats?

Answer 35

description and/or summarization of sample data - allow researchers to arrange data visually to display meaning and to help in understanding the sample characteristics and variables under study

Question 36

describing and presenting descriptive stats

Answer 36

frequency distribution, measure of central tendency, variability

Question 37

frequency distribution

Answer 37

common basic way to organize data - summarizes the occurrences of events under study; tallies the frequency of events

Question 38

central tendency

Answer 38

summarizes the middle of the group - each measure has specific uses and is most appropriate to select types of distribution and measurement - "average"

Question 39

mode

Answer 39

most frequent score

Question 40

median

Answer 40

middle score

Question 41

mean

Answer 41

average score

Question 42

normal distribution

Answer 42

theoretical concept that observes that interval or ratio data group themselves about a midpoint in a distribution closely approximating the normal curve

Question 43

variability

Answer 43

relates to spread of data enables you to evaluate homogeneity or heterogeneity

Question 44

range

Answer 44

simplest but most unstable measure of variability - difference b/w the highest and lowest scores - always reported with other measures of variability

Question 45

percentile

Answer 45

percentage of cases a given score exceeds - median is 50th percentile - a score in 90th percentile is exceeded by only 10% of scores

Question 46

standard deviation

Answer 46

most frequency used measure of variability - average deviation of scores from mean