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HISTOLOGY AND HISTOTECHNIQUE > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

What are the materials needed in preparing a microscope slide?

A

Glass Slides
Cover Slips
Stains / Dye
Other Chemicals

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2
Q

What are the Two types of Glass slides based on physical features?

A

Flatt slides and Concave Slides

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3
Q

This is the most Basic Microscopic slides

A

Flat Slides

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4
Q

A type of Glass slide that is ideal for liquid solutions and larger specimens.

It can be used without a?

A

Concave slides

without a cover slip

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5
Q

Cover slips are made of?

What are the two types of cover slips?

State at least three functions of a cover slip

A

Glass or Plastic

Number 1(0.13-0.17) and Number Two (0.17- 0.25)

Holds the Specimen in Place
Flattens the specimen
Protects the Objective lenses

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6
Q

What is the purpose of a dye?

A

To increase Visibility

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7
Q

State the Principle of Staining.

A

Different stains have different affinities for different organisms, or different parts of organisms thus maybe used to differentiate different types of organisms or to view specific parts of organisms

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8
Q

What are the two types of stains according to the number of dyes used?

A

Positive and Negative Stains

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9
Q

Type of dye that is absorbed by the specimen itself.

A

Positive Staining

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10
Q

What are the two types of Positive staining?

A

Simple and Differential Staining.

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11
Q

A type of Positive staining where only one dye is used.

A

Simple Staining

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12
Q

A type of positive staining where more than one dye is used

What is its function?

A

Differential Staining

Able to differentiate different kinds of specimen/cells

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13
Q

What are the two types of differential staining? (under positive staining)

A

Gram Positive and Gram Negative Staining

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14
Q

Difference of Gram positive and Gram Negative stains

A

Gram positive absorbs primary stains whilst gram negative absorbs secondary stains.

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15
Q

It is a type of stain that is drawn outside the cell

What is its function?

A

Negative Stain

It is used to emphasize cell structures.

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16
Q

Stains are separated into two accordances which are?

A

According to the number of dyes used

according to reaction of tissue stain

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17
Q

Two types of stains, according to reaction of tissue

A

Basophilic and Acidophilic Stains

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18
Q

Differentiate basophilic from acidophilic stains

A

Basophilic
-Basic stains
-Stains acidic parts of the cell

Acidophilic
-Acidic stains
-Stains basic parts of the cell

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19
Q

T or F
In staining, like poles attract and opposite poles retract

A

False

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20
Q

Enumerate atleast four common stains

A

Haemotoxylin and Eosin
Connective Tissue Stains
Silver Impregnation Stains
Wright Stain

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21
Q

It is the most common stain.
What is it good for?

What stains the nuclei blue?
What stains the cytoplasm red?

A

Haemotoxylin and Eosin
General structure

Haemotoxylin and Eosin

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21
Q

It is the most common stain.
What is it good for?

What stains the nuclei blue?
What stains the cytoplasm red?

Study These Flashcards
A

Haemotoxylin and Eosin
General structure

Haemotoxylin and Eosin

22
Q

A type of connective tissue stain that employs a nuclear, cytoplasmic, and stain that is specific for the matrix.

Study These Flashcards
A

Mallory’s Triple CT Stain

23
Q

It is a common stain that is used to trace nerves, stain Golgi and reticular fibers.

Study These Flashcards
A

Silver Impregnation Stain

24
A common stain used for blood smearing
Wright Stain
25
Types of slides based on mounts
Temporary slides and permanent slides
26
Give examples to the following: * Fixatives – * Dehydrants – * Clearing Agents – * Embedding Medium – * Stains – * Adhesive/Affixative – * Mountant –
* Fixatives – FAA, Bouin’s solution, Formalin. * Dehydrants – ethanol. * Clearing Agents – Xylene and Chloroform * Embedding Medium – Paraffin. * Stains – Methylene blue, Hematoxylin, Wright Stain, Crystal Violet, Eosin, Safranin, Fast Green. * Adhesive/Affixative – Mayer’s albumin. * Mountant – Balsam.
27
Enumerate 4 Fresh Tissue Examination Techniques and their functions
Teasing- for separating tissues in bulk Squashing- for soft samples Smear Preparation- for liquid samples Frozen Section- for lipids and nervous tissue elements.
28
What are the four types of Smear Preparation and their distinctive features?
Streaking- for uniform distribution Spreading- for fresh sputum Pull-apart- for thick secretions Touch Preparation- for direct transfer of cells to the slide
29
Give three frozen section uses
Pathological Diagnosis Research enzyme histochemistry Research Demonstration
30
State the 10 steps in processing tissues.
1. Fixation 2. Dehydration 3. Clearing 4. Infiltration or Impregnation 5. Embedding 6. Trimming 7. Section-Cutting 8. Staining 9. Mounting 10. Labelling
31
Enumerate Five Purpose for Fixation Process
Chemical stability in tissue Hardens the tissue Stops autolysis Stop Bacterial Putrefaction Act as Mordant
32
T or F (Fixation must be carried out as soon as possible after removal of tissue or soon after death)
True
33
what are the Five major groups of fixative?
Aldehydes Mercurials Alcohols Oxidizing Agents Picrates
34
What type of fixatives are 1. formaldehyde/formalin and glutaraldehyde. 2. mercuric chloride and Zenker’s. 3. methanol and ethanol. 4. potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate and osmium tetroxide. 5.fixative with picric acid (ex: Bouin’s sol’n).
Aldehydes Mercurials Alcohols Oxidizing Agents Picrates
35
Enumerate Fixatives for General Usage
10% Formalin FAA-Formalin-Acetic-Acid-Alcohol Zenker’s and Camoy’s Fluid
36
Advantages of using Formalin as Fixative
* Has Good penetration power. * Does not shrink the specimen. * Does not affect the material if kept for long time. * Can be kept without deterioration for considerable time.
37
A fixative best for plant material
Formalin Acetic Acid Alcohol
38
A fixative best for Animal tissues
Zenker's and Camoy's Fluid
39
Enumerate 6 factors affecting fixation
Buffering Peneration Volume Temperature Concentration Time-Interval
40
Buffering pH scale ranges between? Give two examples Commercial formalin is buffered with ______ at a pH of ____.
6-8 Phosphates and Bicarbonates Phophate at 7
41
The penetration of fixation depends on ____ of fixative * Formalin and alcohol: * Glutaraldehyde: * Mercurials:
diffusability best worst neutral
42
What is the best volume ratio for fixatives?
20:1
43
Fixative concentration is best adjusted down to what level? What is the best fixative?, and normally used fixative?
Lowest level possible 10% Formalin Glutaraldehyde at 2% solution
44
Best time interval for; FAA Camoy's Fluid Zenker's Fluid
Up to 12 hrs 1-3 hrs 2-4 hrs
45
Characteristics of an ideal dehydrating solution
* It should dehydrate rapidly without producing considerable shrinkage or distortion of tissues. * It should not evaporate very fast. * It should be able to dehydrate even fatty tissues. * It should not harden tissues exclusively. * It should not remove stains. * It should not be toxic to the body. * It should not be a fire hazard.
46
What are 5 commonly used dehydrating agents?
Acetone Alcohol Triethyl Phosphate Tetrahydrofuran Dioxane
47
Alcohol * A ____________ are used most frequently. * Tissue is passed through a series of __________. * Higher grades of alcohol causes?
standard series of alcohols are used most frequently Progressively increasing concentration Shrinkage and hardening of tissues.
48
What is the best dehydrating agent? State at least three advantages
Ethyl Alcohol * Fast acting. * Mixes with water. * Penetrates tissue easily. * Not poisonous. * Not very expensive.
49
A very concentrated solution (above _____% makes tissue hard, brittle and difficult to cut.) Prolong storage in lower concentrations of alcohol (below _____%) tends to macerate the tissue.
80 then 70
50
State the 7 dehydrating procedures
1. Water 2. 50% Ethanol 3. 70% Ethanol 4. 80% Ethanol 5. 90% Ethanol 6. 100% Ethanol – 30 min 7. 100% Ethanol – 30 min
51
(To ensure complete removal of water during dehydration, use _____ changes of ____% ethanol of at least _______ hour each)
two;100;1/2
52
State the three tissue classes; and examples
Class A – delicate tissues: lungs, membranes. Class B – moderately thick, spleen, liver, kidneys, heart. Class C – bulky and thick: skin.
53
State the Tissue Classes and their timing for Dehydration.
Class A- 30 min in each alcohol concentration . Class B - 1 hr Class C - 3-4 hrs

HISTOLOGY AND HISTOTECHNIQUE (4 decks)

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