Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PSYC 1101 > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Consciousness

A

Personal awareness of mental activities, internal sensations, and the external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Intentionality

A

Being directed toward an object
- you have to be thinking about something
- you can’t have a consciousness not thinking about something

One of four basic properties of consciousess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Unity

A

Resistance to division
- integrating information from the sense to form a whole

One of four basic properties of consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Selectivity

A

Capacity to include some objects but not others
- dichotic listening
- cocktail party phenomenon

One of four basic properties of consicousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Transience

A

Has tendency to change

One of four basic properties of consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

James and stream of consciousness

A

“like a river”
- consciousness allows people to develop sense of personal identity that has continuity over time
- feel like same person as your ten-year-old self
- integrate past, present, and future behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do we judge what is conscious?

A
  • capacity for experiences ( feel pain, pleasure, hunger, etc.)
  • capacity for agency ( self-control, planning, memory, thought)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Is AI conscious; Chinese room thought experiment

A
  • ai not experiencing actual emotions

Chinese room
- can machine actually be intellegent?
- boxes of Chinese characters and book of instructions, human can use it to make phrases
- ai can only simulate knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mind-body problem

A
  • how the mind is related to the brain and body
  • david chalmers: “hard problem of consciousness”; how do physical and non-physical things interact?
  • descartes: suggested mind has effect on brain via pineal gland
  • contemporary: suggest mental events tied to brain events
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Experience of the consciousness

A

Arise from synchronized activity across the brain

  • if simulate same brain activity as for example “tennis” will they start thinking about tennis?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Selective attention

A

Conscious awareness focused on particular stimulus
- can only attend to one thing while ignoring others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cherry and dichotic listening experiments

A
  • Focused Auditory Attention
  • One message is presented to the left ear, another in the right ear
  • person can repeat what they heard in left ear, but could not report what was said in other ear
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Talking on the phone while driving

A

Division of attention: we can’t do it
- creates less attention and impairs attention for each task

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Switching attentional focus

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Conscious and unconscious perception

A

Capture of attention by salient stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Change blindness

A

Failure to detect substantial change in visual scene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

inattentional blindness

A

Failure to notice an unexpected but fully visible object when attention is diverted to other aspects of a display

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

hemispatial neglect

A

Patient ignores objects in one half of visual field in perception and imagery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

blindsight

A

Respond to visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it or see them
- avoid blocks in hallway without actually being able to see them
- flash shape very briefly so ppl don’t “know” what they saw but can guess correctly what they saw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Two track mind

A

Unconscious parallel processing
- id and superego
- like elephant that does what it does

Conscious sequential processing
- ego
- reasoning and steer the elephant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

automatic processing

A

Unconscious, efficient, fast
- suffer no capacity limitations
- do not require attention
- very hard to modify once learned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

controlled processing

A

Conscious, demanding, slow
- limited capacity
- require attention
- can be used flexibly in changing circumstances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

circadian rhythm

A

Cycle or rhythm that is roughly 24 hours long
- approx 90 min sleep cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

external and internal environmental cues for rhythm

A

Without any environmental time cues, circadian rhythms become desynchronized

  • jet lack: out of sync with daylight and darkness cues
  • light: light sensitive retinal proteins; suprachiasmatic nucleus that decreases melatonin production
  • temperature
  • other schedules: exercise, food, social interaction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Awake State
Alert: beta brain waves Drowsy: Alpha brain waves
26
N1 sleep
First stage of non-REM (NREM) sleep Slowed breathing and irregular brain waves Can experience hallucinations: Sensory experiences that occur without a sensory stimulus Hypnagogic sensations: sense of falling, body suddenly jerk alpha and theta brain waves
27
N2 sleep
Lasts for about 20 min Periodic sleep spindles theta brain waves with delta near the end Bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity that aid memory processing Can be awakened without too much difficulty, but asleep
28
N3 sleep
Deep sleep Slow-wave sleep Lasts for about 30 min Delta waves: Large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
29
REM sleep
Rapid eye movement sleep Recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur Also known as paradoxical sleep Muscles are relaxed, but other body system active Lasts about 10 min, but periods get longer the longer the sleep Return through N2 Brain waves become more rapid, like those nearly awake N1 sleep waves Heart rate rises, breathing becomes rapid and irregular Brain motor cortex active but brainstem blocks messages 20 to 25 percent of sleep is REM sleep
30
changes in sleep with age
Young: sleep a lot Teen: wake up late, go to bed late; more night owl Adults: morning person, sleep less
31
cultural social and economic influences on sleep
Jobs, schools, etc.
32
functions of sleep
Protection Recuperation: neurons repaired, unused connections pruned, CSF washes out toxin and protein fragments in N3 sleep Memory consolidation: Cf EMDR and Trauma therapy vs REM sleep Creative thinking Supporting growth: rested athletes have more energy
33
effects of sleep loss
Sleep debt - takes at least 2 weeks for recovery - after sleep debt paid, people sleep 7.5 - 9 hours Effects - mood: more angry - depressed: more suicidal thinking - weight gain
34
sleep disorders
- insomnia : inability to fall asleep - narcolepsy : fall asleep too often - sleep apnea (stop breathing) - sleep walking and talking (N3 sleep) - exploding head syndrome : hear loud sound
35
Dream characteristics
- intense emotions - illogical thought - meaningful sensation - uncritical acceptance - difficulty remembering dream on waking - mostly negative
36
Dream functions
- satisfy own wishes (Frued's wish fufillment) - file away memories (info processing) - develop and preserve neural pathways (phsyiological function) - make sense of neural static (activation synthesis)
37
Drug tolerance
With continued use, users develop tolerance as brain chemistry adapts require larger doses each time to have same effect
38
Drug withdrawal
39
Addiction and reward system in the brain
Get jacked by drug and alcohol altering synaptic transimission among neurons increasing or decreasing neurotransmitter amounts blocking, mimicking, or influencing a particular neurotransmitters effects addictive drugs activate dopamine-producing neurons in brain's reward system
40
Effects of alcohol
Depressant: calm neural activity and slow body functions Slowed neural processing, memeory disruption, reduced self wareness, expectancy effects, girls affected more than boys
41
Effects of opiates
Depress neural functioning Opium derivatives: heroin, methadone Cessation of endorphin production in body
42
Broad classification of drugs
Depressants: drugs that depress brain activity Opiods: drugs that are chemically similar to morphine and relieve pain and produce euphoria Stimulants: drugs that stimulate brain activity Psychedelics: drugs that distort sensory perceptions
43
Nature / Nurture
developmental psychology theme - genetic and environmental influences on development
44
Continuity and stages
developmental psychology themes - slow, continuous process vs critical periods
45
stability and change
developmental psychology theme - ex. is personality consistent?
46
prenatal stages
3 stages (from conception to birth) 1. Germinal: 2 week period; brief lifetime of zygote (fertilized egg) 2. Embryo: 2 - 8 week period; brain develop around 250,000 nerve cells per min 3. Fetal : 9 week - birth; myelination: formation of fatty sheath around axons of a neuron
47
synaptic pruning
brain development in prenatal brain; rapid frontal lobe growth from 3 to 6 years synaptic pruning: shuts down unused links; use-it-or-lose-it
48
critical period of neuroplasticity
Critical period for some skills : lack of exposure to spoken, written, or signed language before adolescence will cause person to never master any language Visual experience: without visual stimulation during early years, will never have normal perceptions
49
infant memory
Infantile amnesia - can't consciously recall from before age 4 - as children mature, children become increasingly capable of remembering experiences - frontal lobe and hippocampus continue to mature Still process and store info --> relearn language not spoken since child
50
rats in "enriched environment"
rats in enriched environment: developed heavier / thicker brain cortex rats in impoverished environment: slow cognitive development
51
early sensory and motor development
perceptual: poor distance vision, responds to facial features motor: grasping, innate motor responses, roll over --> crawl --> walk
52
piaget's stages
Stages of cognitive development in which children learn periods of change, stability and movement to next stage with distinctive characteristics and thinking schemas: concepts or mental molds into which we pour our experiences
53
sensorimotor
piaget's stage (birth - 2 yrs) sensorimotor: begin to interact with environment no object permanence
54
pre-operational
piaget's stage (2 - 6 yrs) pre-operational: begins to represent world symbolically lack of concept of conservation inability to take point of views of others
55
concrete operational
piaget's stage (6 - 11 yrs) concrete operational: think logically about physical objects and events, understands conservation of physical properties comprehension of mathematical transformation
56
formal operational
piaget's stage (11 yrs + ) formal operational: child think logically about abstract and hypotheticals
57
gradual progression rather than discrete stages
More current thinking - piaget's theory was more about stages
58
vygotsky
scaffolding: child's mind grows through interactions with social environment theory of mind: occurs when children begin to infer other's mental states Social learning: infant's ability to learn from others - depends on 1. joint attention: focus on what someone else is focused on 2. social referencing: use other person's reactions as info about how to think about the world 3. Imitation: ability to do what another person does
59
bowlby
Attachment - emotional tie to another; seek closeness; separation distress Origins: body contact more important than nourishment Familiarity: formed during critical period - imprinting: hours after hatching in birds
60
harlow's monkey
attachment experiment with baby monkey - seek contact more when in distress - developed behavioral abnormalities - incapable of learning /communicating with other - incapable of normal sexual behavior
61
ainsworth's strange situation
Child play in lab playroom, and see how child will react when mom leaves and returns secure attachment: distress when leave, seek contact / comfort when return insecure attachment: distress / indifferent when leave, still upset / indifferent when return
62
deprived of attachment / neglect
cause insecure attachment lower intelligence, abnormal stress response, more ADHD
63
critical period of developing attachment
Anxiety over separation peaks at 13 months then gradually declines securely attached children will have basic trust
64
temperament
a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity temperament is genetics temperament affects attachment style temperament typically persists
65
effects of infant attachment on adult outcomes
Secure attachment : adjust well to strange situation and flourish socially and academically Anxious attachment : constantly crave acceptance but remain alert to signs of possible rejection Avoidant attachment : experience discomfort getting close to others and use avoidant strategies to maintain distance
66
cultural parenting differences
West: emphasize independence British boarding school Asian/African: physical and emotional closeness; family
67
optimal parenting
Authoritarian: coercive, impose rules and expect obedience Permissive: unrestraining, little punishment Neglectful: uninvolved; inattentive Authoritative: confrontive, demanding and responsive (children have highest self-esteem and self-regulation)
68
puberty
Time when we mature sexually - surge of hormones - continue develop frontal lobes - egocentrism - imaginary audience : what others think about them - personal fable: believe they are unique Menarche - first menstrual period
69
kohlberg's stages
Describe the development of moral reasoning 1. preconventional (before 9) : self-interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards 2. conventional (early adolescence): uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order 3. postconventional (adolescence and beyond): actions reflect beliefs in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles - mainly based on individualist societies
70
moral reasoning vs intuitions
moral intuition: "quick gut feeling", mind makes moral judgement quickly and automatically; based on emotion moral reasoning: based on thinking and reason
71
shift from parents to peers
Puberty alters attachments and primes perception - display superior recognition for peers' faces - seek to fit in with group - selection effect: adolescents seek out peers with similar attitudes

PSYC 1101 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions