Quiz3

Question 1

Intimacy & Generativity as adult goals

Answer 1

• 35/39 yr old : 1/2 chance of pregnant than 19/26 yr old
• menopause: age 50
• sexual activity satisfying constant; age 75: little sexual desire
• over 65: fewer short-term ailments (half likely than 20 yr olds)
• age 85: car accident exceed 16 yr old
• blood-brain barrier breaks down (start with hippocampus)
• age 80: brain-weight reduction of 5 percent
• slow development of frontal lobe (until age 25)
• frontal lobe degrades as old
• there is neuroplasticity in aging brain; compensates for what it loses
• exercise maintain telomeres that protect chromosome ends and slow progression of mental deterioration
• exercise stimulate neurogenesis: development of new cells, neural connection
• can recognize but not recall
• lots of variation in learning and remembering in age 70
• often have

Intimacy : marrying and having children
Generativity: working and leaving an impact on the world

Question 2

Changing roles and changing households in the US (and elsewhere)

Answer 2

Roles: women less likely to get married

Question 3

Physical changes in mid-life

Question 4

Cognitive changes in midlife (peak in 20s for fluid abilities, peak later for crystalized abilities, slower ‘processing speed’, lower memory recall scores)

Question 5

Less brain asymmetry in older adults (may be compensatory, may be a result of a failure of inhibitory systems, higher neural noise/ signal radio)

Question 6

Changing goals (socioemotional selectivity theory )

Question 7

Emotional satisfaction (fewer peripheral acquaintances, stronger close friends, older adults may ‘withdraw’)

Question 8

Little support for concept of midlife crisis - but midlife events may lead to reflection

Question 9

Paradox of aging (if everything is falling apart, why are older adults happier?) - older adults may perceive more positive stimuli relative to negative stimuli

Question 10

Successful aging - maintaining healthspan

Question 11

Diet, exercise, and social interacion are all shown to help with maintaining coginitive and physical health

Question 12

Death and dying - Kubler Ross stages of dying / cultural differences in facing death

Question 13

Sensation vs Perception

Question 14

Transduction

Question 15

Thresholds (signal detection theory & Weber’s law, subliminal perception)

Question 16

Sensory adaptation

Question 17

Top down vs Bottom up processing (perceptual sets, context effects)

Question 18

Basic properties of light & associated perception

Question 19

Visual pathway

Question 20

Anatomy of the eye

Question 21

Receptor properties

Question 22

Color vision

Question 23

Early Vision: feature detectors (fusiform facial area)

Question 24

Marr’s model of vision

Question 25

Gestalt Principles of Organization (figure ground, principles: closure, good continuation, similarity, pragnanz)

Question 26

Environmental regularities

Question 27

Moon illusion (top-down processing)

Question 28

Monocular and Binocular Cues (depth perception, size and shape constancy, texture gradients)

Question 29

Ambiguous information and top down processing

Question 30

Cues from Movement (optic flow, focus of expansion)

Question 31

Basic Properties of sound

Question 32

Anatomy of the ear

Question 33

Transduction of the movement of air to the perception of hearing

Question 34

Location cues

Question 35

Hearing Loss (cochlear implants, bone conduction headphones)

Question 36

Top down processing and ambiguous inputs (sound illusions)

Question 37

There are receptors for pressure/heat and cold/pain

Question 38

cognitive influences

Question 39

Nociceptors and gate control (pain can be blocked with other sensations or cognitions)

Question 40

Biophychosocial approach to pain

Question 41

Taste, smell, kinesthesia, balance, sensory interactions (illusions, travel sickness), synethesia

Question 42

Habituation

Question 43

Sensitization

Question 44

Associative learning

Question 45

Observational learning

Question 46

Classical Conditioning (Pavlov, US/US/CS/CR, Acquisition, Extinction, Spontaneous recovery, Generalization, Discrimination)

Question 47

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 47

Something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organsim

Question 48

Unconditioned response

Answer 48

Reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus

Question 49

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 49

Stimulus that is initially neutral and produces a reliable response in an organism

Question 50

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 50

Reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus

Question 51

Applications (drug cravings, food cravings, immune responses, therapy / phobias)

Question 52

Behaviorism (Watson & little albert)

Question 53

Thorndike's law of effect

Question 54

Skinner (rewards and punishments, skinner box / operant chamber, positive and negative rewards and punishment)

Question 55

Positive reinforcement

Answer 55

Increases behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers

Question 56

Negative reinforcement

Answer 56

Increases behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli

Question 57

Positive punishment

Answer 57

Presents a negative consequence after an undesired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior less likely to happen in the future

Question 58

Negative punishment

Answer 58

Removes a desired stimulus after a particular undesired behavior is exhibited, resulting in reducing that behavior in the future

Question 59

Shaping

Question 60

Primary and secondary reinforcers

Question 61

Immediate and delayed reinforcers

Question 62

Reinforcement scheudles

Question 63

Drawbacks of punishment

Question 64

Applications of operant conditioning (ex. school, computers, at work, sports, parenting)

Question 65

Tolman's maze (why conditioning alone cannot be the whole story)

Question 66

Biopsychosocial approach

Question 67

Biological constraints to conditioning

Question 68

Ecologically relevant conditioning works better (bearnaise sauce effect, instinctive drift)

Question 69

Evidence of cognitive processes (intrinsic and extrinsic motivations)

Question 70

Observational learning (Bandura and the bobo doll, mirror neurons, pro and antisocial effects)